• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.317-324
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• 2015

GNSS was firstly proposed for application in weather forecasting in the mid-1980s. It has continued to demonstrate the practical uses in GNSS meteorology, and other relevant researches are currently being conducted. Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV), calculated based on the GNSS signal delays due to the troposphere of the Earth, represents the amount of the water vapor in the atmosphere, and it is therefore widely used in the analysis of various weather phenomena such as monitoring of weather conditions and climate change detection. In this study we calculated the PWV through the meteorological information from an Automatic Weather Station (AWS) as well as GNSS data processing of a Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) in order to analyze the heavy snowfall of the Ulsan area in early 2014. Song’s model was adopted for the weighted mean temperature model (T_m), which is the most important parameter in the calculation of PWV. The study period is a total of 56 days (February 2013 and 2014). The average PWV of February 2014 was determined to be 11.29 mm, which is 11.34% lower than that of the heavy snowfall period. The average PWV of February 2013 was determined to be 10.34 mm, which is 8.41% lower than that of not the heavy snowfall period. In addition, certain meteorological factors obtained from AWS were compared as well, resulting in a very low correlation of 0.29 with the saturated vapor pressure calculated using the empirical formula of Magnus. The behavioral pattern of PWV has a tendency to change depending on the precipitation type, specifically, snow or rain. It was identified that the PWV showed a sudden increase and a subsequent rapid drop about 6.5 hours before precipitation. It can be concluded that the pattern analysis of GNSS PWV is an effective method to analyze the precursor phenomenon of precipitation.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2022

The product to be developed in this study is a heat recovery device which generates steam or hot water at high temperature and high pressure by heating water using exhaust gas from diesel engine, gas engine, gas turbine, etc. as an exhaust gas boiler off heat boiler(EGB) type for ship and power generation. The steam vapor or the created warm water is used as the power source required for the steerage heating and hot water facility or the HFO heating of the ship, and the turbine drive. The principle of waste heat boilers serves to heat water as high temperature exhaust gas with heat pass through the tube of the boiler. The heated water is a structure that is sent to a cabin or turbine device in the form of steam. In this study, the objective of this study is to maximize the efficiency by increasing the heat transfer surface by replacing the tube which is the heat transfer part of EGB with the plate tube.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.705-712
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• 2000

The fluid generally flows through fractures in crystalline rocks where most of underground storage facilities are constructed because of their low hydraulic conductivities. The fractured rock is better to be conceptualized with a discrete fracture concept, rather continuum approach. In the aspect of fluid flow in underground, the simultaneous flow of groundwater and gas should be considered in the cases of generation and leakage of gas in nuclear waste disposal facilities, air sparging process and soil vapor extraction for eliminating contaminants in soil or rock pore, and pneumatic fracturing for the improvement of permeability of rock mass. For the purpose of appropriate analysis of groundwater-gas flow, this study presents an unsteady-state multi-phase FEM fracture network simulator. Numerical simulation has been also conducted to investigate the hydraulic head distribution and air tightness around Ulsan LPG storage cavern. The recorded hydraulic head at the observation well Y was -5 to -10 m. From the results obtained by the developed model, it shows that the discrete fracture model yielded hydraulic head of -10 m, whereas great discrepancy with the field data was observed in the case of equivalent continuum modeling. The air tightness of individual fractures around cavern was examined according to two different operating pressures and as a result, only several numbers of fractures neighboring the cavern did not satisfy the criteria of air tightness at 882 kPa of cavern pressure. In the meantime, when operating pressure is 710.5 kPa, the most areas did not satisfy air tightness criteria. Finally, in the case of gas leaking from cavern to the surrounding rocks, the resulted hydraulic head and flowing pattern was changed and, therefore, gas was leaked out from the cavern ceiling and groundwater was flowed into the cavern through the walls.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.2336-2347
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• 2018

The azeotrope of methyl acetate methanol and water was isolated using extractive distillation with water as entrainer. The pressure-swing extractive distillation (PSED) process and vapor side-stream distillation column (VSDC) with the rectifier process were designed to separate the methyl acetate, methanol and water mixture. It was revealed that the VSDC with the rectifier process had a reduction in energy consumption than the PSED process. Four control schemes of the two process were investigated: Double temperature control scheme (CS1), $Q_R/F$ feedforward control of reboiler duty scheme for PESD (CS2), $Q_R/F$ feedback control scheme for VSDC (CS3), the feedback control scheme of sensitive plate temperature of side-drawing distillation column to dominate the compressor shaft speed (CS4). Feed flow and composition disturbance were used to evaluate the dynamic performance. As a result, CS4 is a preferable choice for separation of methyl acetate-methanol-water mixture. A control scheme combining the operating parameters of dynamic equipment with the control indicators of static equipment was proposed in this paper. It means using the sensitive plate temperature of side-drawing column to control the compressor shaft speed. This is a new control scheme for extractive distillation.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.68-74
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• 1964

Water has the melting point, the boiling point, the heat of fusion, and the heat of vaporization all much higher than would be normally expected from the hydrogen compounds of the other members of the oxygen family. Another unique characteristic of ice-Ⅰ is its volume decrease which takes place in its melting. A number of significant efforts have been made in the past to explain these properties quantitatively. The authors, reasoning from the unusually great free surface energy of water and the characteristic volume change on melting, propose the structural model of liquid water as follows. On melting, fluidized vacancies of a molecular size are introduced. Thereupon, for the unusually great surface energy density, molecules surrounding the vacancies become to have close packed arrangement. But molecules not in direct contact with vacancies should still possess the original structure i. e., ice-Ⅰ. When a molecule adjacent to a vacancy jumps into the vacancy, the molecule attains the gaslike degree of freedom. Using the above model, the authors had developed the liquid partition function of water by applying the theory of significant structures in liquids. Molar volume, vapor pressure, entropy of fusion and entropy of vaporization were calculated over a wide temperature range. The results show good agreement with experimental observations.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2005

We investigated the surface oxidation behavior of cube-textured polycrystalline nickel at various oxidation conditions. Cube-textured NiO film was formed on a cube-textured polycrystalline nickel regardless of oxidation conditions but different growth behavior of NiO crystals was observed depending on the oxidation conditions. The introduction of water vapor into $O_2$ did not affect the texture evolution, but rough and porous microstructure was developed. Microstructure of NiO film tends to be denser as the oxygen partial pressure increases. It is interesting that (111) peak of theta - two theta diffraction pattern started to get stronger in air atmosphere and (111) plane became the major texture in the substrate oxidized in high purity argon gas. Small amount of high index crystallographic plane NiO peak crystal was observed when $N_{2}O$ was used as an oxidant while only (200) plane crystal was formed in dry $O_2$ atmosphere. Flat and smooth surface was changed into rough faceted one when ramping rate to oxidation temperature was faster. The grain size of NiO was decreased when the oxygen partial pressure was low. It was also observed that the modification of nickel surface suppressed the development of (200) texture.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.250.2-250.2
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• 2014

Currently, teeth whitening method which is applicable to dental surgery is that physician expertises give medical treatment to teeth directly dealed with a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide. If hydrogen peroxide concentration is too high for treatment of maximized teeth whitening effect [1], it is harmful to the human body [2]. To the maximum effective and no harmful teeth whitening effect in a short period of time at home, we have observed the whitening effect using carbamide peroxide (15%) and a low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma jet which is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. The gas supplied conditions of the non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet was with the humidified (0.6%) gas in nitrogen or air at gas flow rate of 1000 sccm. Also, the measurement of chemical species from the jet was carried out using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES), the evidence of increased reactive oxygen species compared to non-humidified plasma jet. We have found that the whitening effect of the plasma is very excellent through this experiment, when bovine teeth are treated in carbamide peroxide (15%) and water vapor (0.2 to 1%). The brightness of whitening teeth was increased up to 2 times longer in the CIE chromaticity coordinates. The colorimetric spectrometer (CM-3500d) can measure color degree of whitening effect.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.321-328
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• 2011

Edible films were developed from jujube (Zizyphus jujube Miller) using depolymerization processes of ultrasound and high-pressure homogenization. A 4.6% (w/w) jujube hydrocolloid was treated by ultrasound (600W, 20 min) or homogenized at high pressure (172 MPa, 6 s) and mixed with whey protein isolate, glycerol, xanthan, and sucrose esters of fatty acids to form film-forming solutions from which films were formed by drying. The film prepared by highpressure homogenization (HPH film) produced more homogeneous films without particles than those prepared without depolymerization or with the ultrasound treatment. HPH films possessed the highest tensile strength (4.7MPa), the lowest water vapor permeability ($2.9g{\cdot}mm/kPa{\cdot}h{\cdot}m^2$), and the most uniform and dense microstructures among the films. Flavor profiles of jujube powder and the films were distinguishable. Heat seal strength and oxygen permeability of the HPH films were 44.4 N/m and $0.025mL{\cdot}{\mu}m/m^2$/day/Pa, respectively. Antioxidant activities of jujube power and HPH films were not significantly different.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.146-153
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• 2021

Recently, research on perovskite semiconductor materials has been performed, and the evaluation of properties using surface treatment for this material is the basis for subsequent studies. We studied the results of surface treatment of perovskite thin films exposed to air for about 6 months by generating oxygen plasma with an atmospheric pressure plasma equipment. The reason for exposure for 6 months is that the perovskite thin film is made of organic and inorganic substances, so when exposed to air, the surface changes through reaction with oxygen or water vapor. Therefore, this change is to investigate whether it is possible to restore the original film. The surface shape and the ratio of elements were analyzed by varying the process time from 1 s to 1200 s in an oxygen plasma atmosphere. It was found that the crystal grains change over a process time of 5 s or more. In order to maintain the properties of the deposited film, it is the optimal process condition between 2 s and 5 s.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.464-474
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• 2007

An enhancement in the performance and safety of a high-level waste repository requires a validation of its engineered barrier. An engineering-scale test (named "KENTEX") has been conducted to investigate the thermal-hydro-mechanical behaviors in the engineered barrier of the Korean reference disposal system The validation test started on May 31, 2005 and is still under operation. The experimental data obtained allowed a preliminary and qualitative interpretation of the thermal-hydro-mechanical behaviors in the bentonite blocks. The temperature was higher as it became closer to the heater, while it became lower as it was farther away from the heater. The water content had a higher value in the part close to the hydration surface than that in the heater part. The relative humidity data suggested that a hydration of the bentonite blocks might occur by different drying-wetting processes, depending on their position. The total pressure was continuously increased by the evolution of the saturation front in the bentonite blocks and thereby the swelling pressure. Near the heater region, there was also a significant contribution of the thermal expansion of bentonite and the vapor pressure in the pores of the bentonite blocks.