• 약학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.122-125
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• 1990

Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined for 14 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated at a hospital in Pusan during summer in 1989. Resistance to chloramphenicol or clindamycin was recorded in 100% of strains. Resistance to the other compounds tested was as follows: tetracycline 86%, gentamicin 79%, tobramycin 71%, kanamycin 71%, erythromycin 57%, ampicillin 57%, methicillin 50%, streptomycin 29%, cephalothin 29%, and trimethoprim 21%. All strains were sensitive to vancomycin and rifampicin. All strains showed multiple resistance to more than 3 antibiotics.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.401-406
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• 2017

이 연구에서 VITEK 2 시스템을 사용하여 $6{\mu}g/mL$ vancomycin이 첨가된 Enterococcosel (EV6 agar에서 배양한 327개의 검체 중 74개의 분리균(22.6%)으로 확인하였다. E. faecium은 55주(74.3%), E. gallinarum 16주(21.6%), E. casseliflavus 2주(2.7%) 및 E. avium 1주(1.4%)로 확인되었다. E. faecium의 55가지 표현형 중 vanA가 42주(76.4%), vanB가 9주(16.4%), vanC 표현형이 4주(7.3%)로 나타났다. E. gallinarum 16주와 E. casseliflavus 2주 모두 vanC 표현형을 보였으며 E. avium 1주는 vanB 표현형을 나타내었다. EV4에서만 증식된 E. faecium 1주는 VITEK2 시스템을 이용한 항균제 감수성 검사 결과 vancomycin과 teicoplanin에 모두 감수성이었고 vancomycin 내성 표현형 유전자는 PCR에 의해 검출되지 않았다. 총 327 검체를 $6{\mu}g/mL$ vancomycin (EV6 broth)을 첨가 한 Enterococoscosel broth에서 배양하여 120 균주(36.7%)가 분리되었다. 120균주에서 다중 중합 효소 연쇄반응에 의한 반코마이신 내성 유전형 실험을 실시한 결과, vanA가 51주(42.5%), vanA와 vanC가 5주(4.2%), vanC가 18주(15%), 나머지 46주(38.3%)에서는 vancomycin 내성 유전형 유전자는 검출되지 않았다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2008

It has been reported that the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of viridans streptococci vary according to geographical region. Although several studies on the antibiotic resistance of viridans streptococci in foreign countries have been reported, little is known about the distribution of resistance among viridans streptococci in Korea. In this study, 88 isolates of viridans streptococci from Korean students' dental plaque were identified as 12 different species. The susceptibility of these isolates to 8 antibiotics was investigated. The in vitro antibiotic activity of penicillin G, ampicillin, vancomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline was measured by the broth microdilution method. The range of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), MIC50, MIC90, and the percentage of the susceptible isolates were determined. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius were susceptible to the 8 antibiotics. Isolates with resistance to vancomycin, streptomycin, and amoxicillin were not found. The overall resistance rates of the 88 isolates to penicillin G, ampicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline were 12.5%, 62.5%, 62.5%, 26.1%, and 26.1%, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.466-472
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• 2007

A total of 98 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) isolates (58 isolates from patients and 40 isolates from poultry) were compared based on their antimicrobial susceptibility, Tn1546 element organization, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. This comparison aided in determining the relationships between the groups of isolates. All the VREF isolates harbored the vanA gene; however, 29 (29.6%) of the isolates exhibited the VanB phenotype-vanA genotype. Furthermore, the VREF isolates from humans and poultry exhibited distinct antimicrobial resistance patterns. The PCR mapping of the Tn1546 elements exhibited 12 different transposon types (A to L). The VREF isolates of poultry were classified into types A to D, whereas the human isolates were classified into types E to L. A PFGE analysis demonstrated a high degree of clonal heterogeneity in both groups of isolates; however, the distinct VREF clones appeared in each group of isolates. The deletion of the vanX-vanY genes or insertion of IS1216V in the intergenic region from the vanX-vanY genes is directly associated with the incongruence of the VanB phenotype-vanA genotype in human VREF isolates. These data suggest that the VREF isolates exhibit distinct phenotypic and genotypic traits according to their origins, which suggests that no evidence exists to substantiate the clonal spread or transfer of vancomycin resistance determinants between humans and poultry.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.6-12
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• 2009

There are relatively few novel antimicrobial agents despite the dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance and multiple drug resistance of clinical isolates worldwide. Vancomycin is still the most widely used antibiotic for treating resistant Gram-positive coccal infections in children, especially for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. For children with Gram-positive coccal infections where vancomycin is not effective or older therapeutic agents cannot be tolerated, linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin or daptomycin may be useful in the appropriate clinical setting. For Gram-negative bacterial infections, new carbapenems await clinical application. Tebipenem pivoxil is a novel oral carbapenem undergoing clinical trials for acute otitis media in pediatric patients. Antiviral drug development is now progressing at the pace of antibiotic development 30 years ago. Newer antiviral agents used for the treatment of herpes viruses and hepatitis C virus infections in children are included in this review.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.261-266
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• 1999

VRE 감염증은 항균제의 과다한 사용 후 출현하는 새로운 형태의 감염성 질환으로, 현재 심각한 임상 문제로 대두되고 있다. 최근 국내에서도 신경학적 장에나 당뇨병, 종양 등의 기저질환을 가진 성인 환자들에서 소수의 감염 예가 보고되고 있으나 소아기, 특히 신생아에서의 감염증은 잘 알려지지 않았다. 저자들은 생후 4일된 신생아에서 발생한 vancomycin 내성 E. faecalis 패혈증 l례를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.581-586
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 서울과 경기도 지역 소매점 및 대형마트에서 판매되고 있는 샐러드, 어린잎, 새싹채소로부터 Enterococcus의 존재를 파악하고 9개 항생제에 대한 항생제 저항성 프로파일을 확보했다. Quinupristin/dalfopristin에 저항성을 가지는 분리주가 85.0%에 이르렀고, 특히 E. faecalis 분리주는 18종 중 17종이 저항성을 나타냈다. 또한 critically important 항생제 중 highest priority로 분류되는 ciprofloxacin과 erythromycin에 대해 각각 40.0, 50.0%가 중간 정도의 저항성을 보였으며, vancomycin에 대한 저항성을 가지는 분리주는 검출되지 않았다. Enterococci의 항생제 저항성 정도는 식품 안전뿐만 아니라 공중 보건에 있어서도 중요하다는 측면에서 본 연구의 Enterococcus 오염 정도, 항생제 내성율에 대한 결과는 향후 신선 편이식품 섭취가 인체 건강에 미치는 위험분석을 위한 기초자료로서 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 보이며 앞으로 특별한 열처리 없이 섭취하는 신선 편이식품에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것이라 사료된다.

• 환경생물
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2008

한강유역 4개 정점으로부터 46주의 Enterococcus 속 세균을 분리하였으며 이 세균은 E. faecium 15주, E. casseliflavus 26주, E. facecalis 1주 및 E. hirae 4주로 이루어져 있었다. Streptomycin의 경우 조사대상 균주 40주 중 45주의 세균이 내성을 나타내었으며 tetracycline과 quinupristin/dalfopristin의 경우 각각 21주 및 19주의 세균이 내성을 나타내었다. 한편 gentamicin과 vancomycin의 경우에는 각각 15주 및 2주의 세균이 내성을 나타내었다. 분리된 Enterococcus 속 세균 46주 중 39주가 2가지 이상의 항생제에 대하여 내성을 나타내었으며, 이 세균 중 10주는 5가지 이상의 항생제에 매하여 모두 내성을 가지는 것으로 조사되었다. 특히 정점 C인 안양천에서 분리된 균주는 8가지의 항생제에 대하여 모두 내성을 나타내었다. 조사 정점이 한강 하류로 내려갈수록 다제 내성 균주가 분리되는 빈도수가 증가하는 추세를 나타내었다. 디스크확산법으로 항생제 내성 세균의 MIC값을 측정한 결과 streptomycin에 최대 4,096 ${\mu}g$ mL$^{-1}$의 MIC를 나타낸 균주가 16주이었으며 gentamicin의 경우에도 최대 MIC가 2,048 ${\mu}g$ mL$^{-1}$을 나타낸 균주가 17주이었다. 한편 vancomycin에 대하여는 최대 512 ${\mu}g$ mL$^{-1}$의 MIC값을 나타내는 균주가 1주이 었으며, quinupristin/dalfopristin과 tetracycline에 대하여는 각각 64 ${\mu}g$ mL$^{-1}$의 농도에 내성을 가진 균주가 각각 2주와 33주이었다. 분리한 세균의 vancomycin 및 quinupristin/dalfopristin에 대한 MIC값을 임상에서 분리한 세균의 MIC간과 축산농가에서 분리한 세균의 MIC값을 상호 비교하였을 때 한강 수계에서 분리된 이들 항생제에 대하여 내성을 나타내는 세균은 축산 폐수로부터 유래된 것으로 유추되었다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2017

Mastitis is a common and serious infection of the mammary gland in dairy cattle and has a major economic impact on the production of milk and dairy products. Bacterial mastitis is caused by several pathogens and is most frequently associated with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). Although CNS are typically associated with subclinical or mild mastitis, the importance of CNS has increased as these pathogens have emerged as predominant mastitis-related pathogens in many countries. CNS can cause persistent infections, resulting in increased milk somatic cell counts and thereby affecting milk quality and decreasing milk production. Globally, Staphylococcus chromogenes, S. epidermidis, and S. simulans are the predominant CNS species in dairy cattle mastitis. Antibacterial resistance of CNS varies with species, and most CNS are susceptible to vancomycin and resistant to penicillin and tetracycline. As the most frequently isolated CNS species, some strains of S. chromogenes exhibit phenotypic resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, oxacillin, penicillin, and tetracycline. Some strains of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus are only susceptible to vancomycin and rifampicin. Therefore, more studies are needed to achieve the control and prevention of CNS as environmental pathogens.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens isolated from farmstead cheeses. Twenty-seven isolates, including 18 Bacillus cereus, two Escherichia coli, and seven Staphylococcus aureus, were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect virulence genes and toxin genes, and the antibiotic resistances of the isolates were determined. All E. coli isolates were determined by PCR to be non-pathogenic. Among the 18 B. cereus isolates, 17 isolates (94.4%) were diarrheal type, as indicated by the presence of nheA, entFM, hbIC, cytK and bceT genes, and one isolate (5.6%) was emetic type, based on the presence of the CER gene. Among the seven S. aureus isolates, three (42.9%) had the mecA gene, which is related to methicillin-resistance. Most B. cereus isolates (94.7%) showed antibiotic resistance to oxacillin and penicillin G, and some strains also showed resistance to ampicillin (26.3%), erythromycin (5.3%), tetracycline (10.5%), and vancomycin (5.3%). These results indicate that microbial food safety measures for farmstead cheese must be implemented in Korea because antibiotic resistant foodborne pathogens, with resistance even to vancomycin, harboring virulence genes were found to be present in the final products of farmstead cheese.