• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1047-1058
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• 2005

The objective of this research is an investigation and analysis of life style and preference trend for dwelling for 450 university students. The major findings are as follows: (1) The life style is classified into 3 categories according to the priority of fashion and privacy, brand and social relationship, and family and domesticity. Women give priority to fashion and privacy as well as family and domesticity than men do. (2) Dwelling awareness is grouped into 3; one for pursuing the value of asset, another with the inclination to residential transition and the other for preferring for a detached house. Women have a stronger inclination to the economical value of house and prefers to live in the big city than men do. (3) As a factor affecting the dwelling preference, men give priority to the exterior condition such as environment, but women do the interior condition like the size of house. Men and Women showed various preferences for housing style such as detached house, villa, apartment and commercial complex dwelling, which is accord with the present housing style.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.16-22
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• 2015

Korea Aerospace Research Institute(here after KARI) has a plan to launch experimental lunar orbiter in 2018, and lunar orbiter and lander in 2020. There are several ways to go to the moon. Which one is direct transfer trajectory and another one is phasing loop transfer trajectory and the other one is WSB trajectory. Regardless of the transfer trajectories, LOI maneuver is the most important maneuver of all mission sequences because if this burn is failed, it is too difficult to get into the lunar orbit in the future. This paper describes first LOI target value of foreign lunar orbiters and analyzes orbital variations of experimental lunar orbiter according to various target values. By analyzing the variation of orbiter parameter after first LOI, proper orbital period for LOI target value are recommended to meet the inclination, apoapsis and periapsis altitude constraints.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.359-368
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• 2002

This study was conducted to analyze the Korean inclination to visual equivocality. Similar studies conducted by several psychologists were reviewed in order to determine whether we can put equal value on the visual equivocality which is often shown in natural appearance. This Korean inclination was also investigated with the help of a public survey. The following conclusions were derived from the study. - In reality, there is no visual equivocality for Koreans except in some specific cases. - It is true that, on a screen, a diagonal line from the lower right to the upper left produces a stronger feeling of upward tendency than one from the lower left to the upper right. - The idea that the right side of a screen looks heavier than the left one was not supported and should be rejected for Koreans. - It was discovered that the user interface is working when a person is describing a natural appearance or looking at a description. This fact is generally accepted for Koreans, the majority of whom are right-handed. - Until now, the idea of a Korean superiority toward the left side in visual expression has been found in our culture. In short, it was uncovered that Korean people generally do not have visual equivocality but, instead, have an inclination to left side rather than the right from various aspects.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.573-588
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• 2021

The interaction of cracks and water significantly affects the fracture mechanism of rocks. In this study, laboratory tests were conducted using sandstone samples containing a single fissure to explore the hydro-mechanical behaviors in the failure process of pre-cracked rocks. The internal crack characteristics were also analyzed using X-ray CT scanning. The results show that the confining pressure has the greatest effect on the mechanical properties (e.g., strengths, elastic modulus, and Poisson's ratio), followed by the fissure inclination and water pressure. At a lower fissure inclination, the confining pressure may control the type main cracks that form, and an increase in the water pressure increases the number of anti-wing cracks and the length of wing cracks and branch cracks. However, the fracture behaviors of samples with a higher fissure inclination are only slightly affected by the confining pressures and water pressures. The effect of fissure inclination on the internal crack area is reduced with the propagation from the fissure tips to the sample ends. The fissure inclination mainly affects the value of permeability but not affect the trend. The impact of pre-existing fissure on permeability is smaller than that of confining pressure and water pressure.

• Proceedings of the International Union of Geodesy And Geophysics Korea Journal of Geophysical Research Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.20-20
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• 2003

In the summers of 1997 and 1998 and in February of 2000 we made 570 measurements of the ambient geomagnetic field 120 cm above the pavement surface of State Route 130, south of Pahoa, the island of Hawaii using a three-component fluxgate magnetometer. We measured at every 15.2 m (50 feet) interval covering a distance of 6, 310 m (20, 704 ft) where both historic and pre-historic highly magnetic basalt flows underlie. We also collected 197 core samples from eight road cuts, 489 specimens of which were subject to AF demagnetizations at 5 - 10 mT level up to a maximum field of 60 mT. We observed significant inclination anomalies ranging from a minimum of $31^{\circ}$ to a maximum $40^{\circ}$ where a uniform inclination value of $36.7^{\circ}$ (International Geomagnetic Reference Field, IGRF) was expected. Since the mean of the observed inclinations is approximately $35^{\circ}$ we assume that the study area is slightly affected by the magnetic terrain effect to a systematically shallower inclinations for being located in the regionally sloping surface of the southern side of the island (Baag, et al., 1995). We observed inclination anomalies showing wider (spacial) wavelength (160 - 600 m) and higher amplitudes in the historic lava flows area than in the northern pre-historic flows. Our observations imply that preexisting inclination anomalies such as those that we observed would have been interpreted as paleosecular variation (PSV). These inclination anomalies can best be attributed to concealed underground highly magnetic dikes, channel type lava flows, on-and-off hydrothermal activities through fissure-like openings, etc. Both the within- and between-site dispersions of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) are largest (up to ${\pm}7^{\circ}$) above the flows of 1955, while the area of pre-historic flows in the northern part of the study area exhibit the smallest dispersion. Nevertheless, mean inclinations of each historic flow of 1955 and 1790 are almost identical to that of the corresponding present field, whereas mean of NRM (after AF demagnetization) inclinations for each of the four pre-historic lava flow units is twelve to thirteen degrees lower than the present field inclination. We observed three cases of very large inclination variations from within a single flow, the best fitting curves of which are linear, second and third order polynomials each from within a single flow, whereas no present field variations are observed. This phenomena can be attributed to the notion that local magnetic anomalies on the surface of an active volcano are not permanent, but are transient. Therefore we believe that local magnetic anomalies of an active volcano may be constantly modified due to on going subsurface injections and circulations of hot material and also due to wide spacial and temporal distribution of highly magnetic basaltic flows that will constantly modify the topography which will in turn modify the local ambient geomagnetic field (Baag, et al., 1995). Our observations bring into question the general reliability of PSV data inferred from volcanic rocks, because on-going various geologic and geophysical activities associated with active volcano would continuously deflect and modify the ambient geomagnetic field.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.644-653
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• 1991

A wave instability problem is formulated for natural convection flows adjacent to a inclined isothermal surface in pure water near the density extremum. It accounts for the nonparallelism of the basic flow and temperature fields. Numerical solutions of the hydrodynamic stability equations constitute a two-point boundary value problem which are accurately solved using a computer code COLSYS. Neutral stability results for Prandtl number of 11.6 are obtained for various angles of inclination of a surface in the range from-10 to 30 deg. The neutral stability curves are systematically shifted toward modified Grashof number G=0 as one proceeds from downward-facing inclined plate(.gamma.<0.deg.) to upward-facing inclined plate (.gamma.>0.deg.). Namely, an increase in the positive angle of inclination always cause the flows to be significantly more unstable. The present results are compared with the results for the parallel flow model. The nonparallel flow model has, in general, a higher critical Grashof number than does the parallel flow model. But the neutral stability curves retain their characteristic shapes.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.438-443
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• 2001

Plate impingement of the impulse wave discharged from the open end of a duct is numerically investigated using a CFD method. Harten-Yee Total Variation Diminishing method is used to solve the unsteady, compressible flow governing equations. The Mach number, the flat plate inclination and the distance between the duct exit and inclined flat plate are changed to investigate their effects on the impinging flow field. The impulse wave impingement on the inclined flat plate depends on Mach number $M_s$ and the plate inclination $\psi$. The pressure distributions on the inclined flat plate show that for a small r/D, the peak pressure at the center of an inclined flat plate decreases with an increase in the plate inclination $\psi$ in the range of $\psi$ from $45^{\circ}$ to $60^{\circ}$ but for a large r/D, the peak pressure decreases with an increase in $\psi$ in the range of $\psi$ from $75^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$. It is also found that for all of r/D, the peak pressure at the center of an inclined flat plate has a maximum value in $\psi=90^{\circ}$.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.41-54
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• 2023

The use of a skirt, a vertical projection attached to the footing, is a recently developed method to increase the bearing capacity of soils and reduce foundation settlements. Most of the studies were focused on vertical skirted circular footings resting on clay while neglecting the rigidity and inclination of skirts. This study employs finite element limit analysis to investigate the bearing capacity enhancement of flexible and rigid inclined skirts in cohesionless soils. The results indicate that the bearing capacity initially improves with an increase in the skirt inclination but subsequently decreases for both flexible and rigid skirts. However, the rigid skirt exhibits more apparent optimum skirt inclination and bearing capacity enhancement than the flexible one, owing to differences in their failure mechanisms. Furthermore, the bearing capacity of the inclined skirted foundation increases with the skirt length, footing depth, and internal friction angle of the soil. In the case of rigid skirts, the bearing capacity increases linearly with skirt length, while for flexible skirts, it reaches a stable value at a certain skirt length. The efficiency of the flexible footing reduces as the footing depth and soil internal friction angle increase. Conversely, the efficiency of the rigid skirt decreases only with an increase in the depth of the footing. The paper also presents a detailed analysis of various failure patterns, highlighting the behaviour of inclined skirted footings. Additionally, nonlinear regression equations are provided to quantify and predict the bearing capacity enhancement with the inclined skirts.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.130-166
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• 1996

As compared with body height and body weight by ages and sexes, by means of the data reported under other researchers from 1967 to 1994 for 33 years, this study obtained the estimate value of body height and body weight by ages and sexes for the same period, and figured out prediction value of body height and body weight in the ages of between 6 and 14 from 1995 to 2000. These surveys and measurements took for one year from October 1st 1994 to September 30th. As shown in the 〈Table 1〉, in order to calculate the establishment, estimate value and prediction value of the chronological regression model of body height and body weight, by well-grounded 17 representative research papers, this research statistically tested propriety of liner regression model by the residual analysis in advance of being reconciled to simple liner regression model by the autonomous variable-year and the subordinate variable-body weight and measured prediction value, theoretical value from 1962 to 1994 by means of 2nd or 3rd polynomial regression model, with this redult did prediction value from 1995 to 2000. 1. Chronological Change of Body Height and Body Weight The analysis result from regression model of the chronological body height and body weight for the aged 6 - 16 in both sexes ranging from 1962 to 1994, corned from the 〈Table 2-20〉. On the one hand, the measurement value of respective researchers had a bit changes by ages with age growing, but the other hand, theoretical value, prediction value showed the regular increase by the stages and all values indicated a straight line on growth and development with age growing. That is, in case of the aged 6, males had 109.93cm in 1962 and females 108.93cm, but we found the increase that males had 1I8.0cm, females 1I3.9cm. In theoretical value, prediction value, males showed the increase from 109.88cm to 1I7.89cm and females from 109.27cm to 1I5.64cm respectively. There was the same inclination toward all ages. 2. Comparision to Measurement Value and Prediction Value of Body Height and Body Weight in 1994 As shown in the 〈Table 21〉, in case of body height, measurement value and prediction value of body height and body weight by ages and sexes almost showed the similiar inclination and poor grade, in case of body weight, prediction value in males had a bit low value by all ages, and prediction value in females had a high value in adolescence, to the contrary, a low value in adult. 3. Prediction Value of Body Height and Body Weight from 1995 to 2000 This research showed that body height and body weight remarkably increased in adolescence but slowly in adult. This study represented that Korean physique was on the increase and must be measured continually hereafter.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

To verify the cause of high productivity in Typha stand, leaf area index(LAI), leaf orientation and inclination, specific leaf area (SLA), and radiation interception profiles were determined in a natural Typha$\times$glauca stand. Throughout the growing season, the leaf inclination has been kept at near-right angle and leaf orientation has been random. These chracteristics were responsible for an uniform spatial arrangement of the leaves within the canopy and could be explained by the SLA value, which increased in their higher strata. The extinction coefficient (K) of the canopy, 0.12 to 0.20, was one of the smallest value out of terrestrial plant communities. At least more than 25% of full radiation penetrated into the lowest stratum of the canopy. High productivity of the Typha would be attributed to efficient penetration of the radiation in virtue of the stiff and straight leaves even though rather small LAI.