• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.439-443
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• 2006

Soil properties of Quercus variabilis forest on Youngha valley at Mt. Worak National Park were studied as a part of Korea National Long-Term Ecological Research. Soil sampling was carried out along the 50 cm soil depth with 10cm intervals at every quarter from May 2005 through July 2006. Fresh soil was used for $NH_4{^+}-N,\;NO_3{^-}-N$, and soil water content determination. Remaining soils were air dried in the shade, and then used for determination of soil pH, T-N, T-P and exchangeable cation. Average soil organic matter in top soil was $8.5{\pm}1.2%$ and decreased with soil depth. Bulk density of top soil was $0.82{\pm}0.07g/cm^3 $and increased with soil depth. Soil organic matter and bulk density showed a negative linear correlation ($R^2=0.8464$). Soil pH in top soil and subsoil was similar. T-N, $NH_4{^+}-N,\;NO_3{^-}-N$ and T-P in top soil were $1.9{\pm}0.5mg/g,\;7.3{\pm}1.0mg/kg,\;2.0{\pm}0.4mg/kg\;and\;0.2{\pm}0.05mg/g$, respectively. $K^+,\;Ca^{2+}\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ in top soil were $84.6{\pm}24.4,\;408.8{\pm}137.8\;and\;93.4{\pm}23.0mg/kg$, respectively. They decreased with soil depth. Amounts of organic matter, T-N, $NH_4{^+}-N,\;NO_3{^-}-N$, T-P, $K^+,\;Ca^{2+}\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ in 50 cm soil depth were 250.9, 3.45, 0.025, 0.003, 0.639, 0.181, 0.845 and 0.302 ton $ha^{-1}\;50cm-depth^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.4
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• pp.685-696
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• 2015

This study intends to evaluate visual preference and image for 10 types of forest sceneries which have own distinct characteristics without overlapping each other among 22 types of beautiful forest sceneries based on Korea National Parks. Z scale and paired comparison methods were used to analyze visual preference for forest scenery, and SD scale method was also adopted to assess visual image for forest scenery. Experiments were conducted with 3 different university students groups. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the evaluation results of Z scale (N=70) and paired comparison (N=64) methods show similar visual preference for different types of forest scenery. 'Scenery inside forests' and 'valley and rock' sceneries have the highest level of preference, and 'panorama of ridges', 'ridge of curious rock peaks', and 'waterfall and cliff' also have relatively higher preference level than others. However, 'community of dead trees' has the lowest preference in forest sceneries. Second, the factor analysis outputs of the image scores for beautiful forest scenery types by SD scale (N=66) show 3 factors of 'mysterious charm', 'colorful sense', and 'vividness/variety'. Examined the variables of forest scenery types for each factor, the image of 'mysterious charm' is based on the sceneries of mountain ridges, the image of 'colorful sense' is focused on the sceneries of color-expressed sense of the season, and the image of 'vividness/variety' is based on the sceneries of waterscape and curious rock peaks.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.413-424
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• 2018

The study analyzed the effects of topographic structures and altitude in mountainous parks in Mt. Namsan in Gyeongju on the generation of anions. The temperature was at ridge ($9.82^{\circ}C$) > valley ($8.44^{\circ}C$), the relative humidity valley (59.01 %) > ridge (58.64 %), the solar radiation ridge ($34.40W/m^2$) > valley($14.69W/m^2$), the wind speed ridge (0.63m/s) > valley(0.37m/s), and the negative ion valley($636.81ea/cm^3$) > ridge($580.04ea/cm^3$). In the valley, the correlation with altitude was verified for the temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and negative ion generation in the valley. The relative humidity, solar radiation, and negative ion indicated a positive correlation while the temperature had a negative correlation. In the ridge, the correlation with altitude was verified for the temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and negative ion generation. The relative humidity, solar radiation, and negative ion generation indicated a positive correlation while the temperature and wind speed had a negative correlation. The regression analysis showed the prediction equation of y=-0.006x+9.663 (x=altitude, y=temperature) in the valley and y=-0.009x+11.595 (x=altitude, y=temperature) in the ridge for the temperature, y=0.027x+53.561 (x=altitude, y=relative humidity) in the valley and y=0.008x+56.646 (x=altitude, y=relative humidity) in the ridges for the relative humidity, and y=0.027x+53.561 (x=altitude, y=negative Ion generation) in the valley and y= 0.008x+56.646 (x=altitude, y=negative Ion generation) in the ridge for the negative ion generation.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.341-348
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• 2001

Population dynamics of the oldest relic stand of Pinus densiflora for. erecta which remains as a status of patch in Sokwang-Ri area, Uljin-Gun, was studied to provide the basic data for conservation of the oldest pine stand in Korea. The upper slope site and ridge site including total 12 plots mainly represented Pinus densiflora for. erecta and Quercus mongolica. These two tree species showed reverse J-shaped distribution. From this information, it was concluded that intensive interspecific competition between two species could be occurring. Age distribution of P. densiflora for. erecta on the sites above middle slope area was indicated bi-modal type or tri-modal type which was known as an age structure of climax forest. Therefore, it was estimated that Pinus densiflora for. erecta population could be continuously maintained in the each patch above middle slope area. In the valley sites, hardwood species such as Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Styrax obassia and Acer pseudosieboldianum occupied most part of the under crown-cover area and their seedlings and saplings were developing into the closed upper layer crown because the height of upper layer crown reached about 35 meters and such a high crown height was more suitable for light utilization by plants of under layer. The growth patterns were mainly fluctuated for the entire life time of the oldest tree caused by frequent disturbance. And the initial growth curves of the mature trees and suppressed juvenile trees showed different tendencies along the sites.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2002

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation community of Dodeokbong and Baekwunbong in Gyeryongsan. Employing the releve method of Dierssen, 89 plots were sampled. Forest community was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus variabitis community, Pinus densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community, and Pinus rigida-Pinus thunbergii community. Quereus mongolica community was found in high altitude and steep area, Quercus serrata community in relatively low altitude and steep slope area, and Quercus variabilis in southern arid and low area compared with Quercus mongolica community. Pinus densiflora community is present in relatively high altitude and narrow arid ridge area. And, Carpinus laxiflora community is mainly distributed in southern valley area. Pinus rigida-Pinus thunbergii community is planted community.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1997

A study of forest vegetation in Mt. $T\v{o}kyu$ National Park was investigated by ordination technique. By TWINSPAN(Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis) method, 10 groups were recognized as follows: pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Quercus mongolica-Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldi-amum, Quercus mongolica-Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Carpinus laxiflora, Fraxinus mandshurica and Taxus cuspidata groups. The floristic composition of these groups showed high correlation to soil moisture(r=0.831), altitude(r=0.784), topography(r=-0.722), organic matter(r=0.642), and pH(r=-0.509) among various environmental factors. According to the results of CCA(Canonical Correspondence Analysis) Pinus densiflora group and Quercus variabilis group were situated in a xeric area at a lower altitude where soil nutrients were poor compared with the other groups. Fraxinus mandshurica group was distributed throughout the valley with high soil moisture and good nutrients, Quercus serrata group and Carpinus laxiflora group were found in the low altitude region with good nutrients, Quercus mongolica group, at the high altitude region with good nutrients, and Quercus mongolica-Acer koreana and Taxus cuspidata at higher altitudes(1, 400-1600 m).

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to understand spatio-temporal changes of active fungal biomass and water in Tricholoma matsutake soil colonies during the mushroom fruiting season. The active fungal biomass was estimated by analyzing ergosterol content at four different points within four replicated locations in a single circular T. matsutake colony at Ssanggok valley in the Sogri Mt. National Park in Korea during 2003 to 2005. The four points were the ahead of the colony, the front edge of the colony and 20 cm and 40 cm back from the front edge of the colony. Ergosterol content was 0.0 to 0.7 ${\mu}g$ per gram dried soil at the ahead, 2.5 to 4.8 ${\mu}g$ at the front edge, 0.5 to 1.8 ${\mu}g$ at the 20 cm back and 0.3 to 0.8 ${\mu}g$ at the 40 cm back. The ergosterol content was very high at the front edge where the T. matsutake hyphae were most active. However, ergosterol content did not significantly change during the fruiting season, September to October. Soil water contents were lower at the front edge and 20 cm back from the front edge of the colony than at the ahead and 40 cm back during the fruiting season. Soil water content ranged from 12 to 19% at the ahead, 10 to 11% at the edge, 9 to 11% at the 20 cm back and 11 to 15% at the 40 cm back. Our results suggest that the active front edge of the T. matsutake soil colony could be managed in terms of water relation and T. matsutake ectomycorrhizal root development.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2021

This study was conducted to provide basic data for the systematic management and preservation of Nak-nam Jeongmaek. Of the Nak-nam Jeongmaek, six priority research areas, Gilmajae, Mt. Cheonwang, Mt. Yeohang, Mt. Muhak, Mt. Cheonju, Mt. Sineo, with consideration to terrain and environmental characteristics, were selected for this study. Two fixed plots for each bird habitat type were selected for each site and were surveyed from May to October in 2018. The survey conducted in the six priority research areas of Nak-nam Jeongmaek identified 48 species with 1,181 individual birds. The largest number of species and individuals occupying a particular habitat type were found in the developed land with 35 species and 567 individuals. Species diversity was the highest at 2.66 in the forest road. According to the results of nesting guild analysis of Nak-nam Jeongmaek (Pearson Chi-square test, 𝛘²=16.681, p<0.05) by each habitat type, the communities that belong to the canopy nesting guild showed a high frequency in the developed land, the valley, and the forest road. The results of the Pearson Chi-Square test (𝛘²=16.217, p<0.005) showed that the communities that belonged to the bush foraging guild were the most frequent in the developed land, and the communities that belonged to the canopy foraging guild were the most frequent in the valley and the forest road. The results of these studies suggest that the various habitats of the Nak-nam Jeongmaek provide a variety of resources for bird habitats.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.275-285
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• 2020

Background: In Korea, Symplocos prunifolia Siebold. & Zucc. is only found on Jeju Island. Conservation of the species is difficult because little is known about its distribution and natural habitat. The lack of research and survey data on the characteristics of native vegetation and distribution of this species means that there is insufficient information to guide the management and conservation of this species and related vegetation. Therefore, this study aims to identify the distribution and vegetation associated with S. prunifolia. Results: As a result of field investigations, it was confirmed that the native S. prunifolia communities were distributed in 4 areas located on the southern side of Mt. Halla and within the evergreen broad-leaved forest zones. Furthermore, these evergreen broad-leaved forest zones are themselves located in the warm temperate zone which are distributed along the valley sides at elevations between 318 and 461 m. S. prunifolia was only found on the south side of Mt. Halla, and mainly on south-facing slopes; however, small communities were found to be growing on northwest-facing slopes. It has been confirmed that S. prunifolia trees are rare but an important constituent species in the evergreen broad-leaved forest of Jeju. The mean importance percentage of S. prunifolia community was 48.84 for Castanopsis sieboldii, 17.79 for Quercus acuta, and 12.12 for Pinus thunbergii; S. prunifolia was the ninth most important species (2.6). Conclusions: S. prunifolia can be found growing along the natural streams of Jeju, where there is little anthropogenic influence and where the streams have caused soil disturbance through natural processes of erosion and deposition of sediments. Currently, the native area of S. prunifolia is about 3300 ㎡, which contains a confirmed population of 180 individual plants. As a result of these low population sizes, it places it in the category of an extremely endangered plant in Korea. In some native sites, the canopy of evergreen broad-leaved forest formed, but the frequency and coverage of species were not high. Negative factors that contributed to the low distribution of this species were factors such as lacking in shade tolerance, low fruiting rates, small native areas, and special habitats as well as requiring adequate stream disturbance. Presently, due to changes in climate, it is unclear whether this species will see an increase in its population and habitat area or whether it will remain as an endangered species within Korea. What is clear, however, is that the preservation of the present native habitats and population is extremely important if the population is to be maintained and expanded. It is also meaningful in terms of the stable conservation of biodiversity in Korea. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is judged that a systematic evaluation for the preservation and conservation of the habitat and vegetation management method of S. prunifolia should be conducted.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Ssanggok valley, Chilsung-myeon, Geosan-gun and Chungcheongbuk-do, and the survey of period was from March, 2006 to June, 2007. The results of surveying the flora were recorded as 401 taxa; 88 families, 242 genera, 342 species, 52 varieties and 7 forma. The korean endemic plants were 8 taxa; Cephalotaxus harringtonia, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Asarum maculatum, Clematis trichotoma, Zanthoxylum schinifolium var. inermis, Lonicera subsessilis, Weigela subsessilis and Saussurea seoulensis. The endangered plant designate by the ministry of environment was Berchemia berchemiaefolia. The rare plants designated by Korea forest service were 7 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus, Asarum maculatum, Paeonia japonica, Berchemia berchemiaefolia, Viola albida, Rhododendron micranthum and Lilium distichum. In future, we will discuss a concrete conservation plan and propagation method about rare plants for conservation. The plant resources were 220 taxa of ornamental plant, 239 taxa of edible plant, 281 taxa of medicinal plant and 206 taxa of others. The naturalized plants were 13 taxa; Dactylis glmerata, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium glaucum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Oenothera lamarckiana, Aster subulatus, Erechtites hieracifolia, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Helianthus tuberosus and Taraxacum officinale. The naturalized index and Urbanized index were about 3.24% and 4.53%.