• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.1163-1169
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• 2015

Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural polymer that is synthesized by Bacillus species and has been reported to have antitumor activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of γ-PGA on the treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). A retrospective observational study on γ-PGA therapy for biopsy-proven VAIN was conducted. The efficacy was assessed by evaluating the results of Pap cytology and the viral load of high-risk HPV at three time points: at enrollment, and at the first and second post-treatment visits. Of 17 patients treated with γ-PGA, only 12 patients who had a high-risk HPV infection were included in the analysis. Histology was VAIN1 in seven patients, VAIN2 in two patients, and VAIN3 in three patients. γ-PGA was administered for newly diagnosed VAIN in five (41.7%) patients and persistent VAIN in seven (58.3%) patients for the mean time of 4.5 months. At the first and second post-treatment visits, cytological regression was observed in five (41.7%) and six (50%) patients, respectively. Regarding the HPV load, the overall response rate was 66.7%, and the mean level was 670.6 ± 292.5 RLU at the first follow-up, which was lower than the initial viral load of 1,494.8 ± 434.5 RLU (p = 0.084). At the second follow-up, the overall response rate was 58.3%, and the mean viral load level was 924.2 ± 493.7 RLU. γ-PGA may be helpful for the cytological regression and reduction of viral load in patients with high-risk HPV-positive VAIN, suggesting that γ-PGA is a promising treatment option for primary or persistent VAIN.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.639-650
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether characteristics of the perceiver make differences in impressions of clothing types in the situation of first impression formation. Questionnaire was used as major method of gathering data. A poll of 650 men h women between the ages of 20∼39 living in Daegu was taken by the author for this study. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, frequency, ANOVA-test and t-test were implemented with the SPSS-package. The characteristics of clothing types used in our experiments include: sexy, masculine, feminine, dramatic, elegant-classic and casual. The results are as follows; 1 . Men favored sexy clothes more than women, whereas women tended to like masculine clothes more than men. 2. Positive, open-minded men were accepting of masculine, feminine, dramatic and elegant-classic clothes, but gave unfavorable responses toward casual clothes. In contrast, positive open-minded women continued to show unfavorable impressions of sexy clothes. Attitude towards clothing affected the outlook towards clothing by the perceiver 3. Clothing-dependent/vain men favored sexy, dramatic and elegant-classic clothes, while clothing-indifferent men tended toward casual clothes. Furthermore, clothing-dependent/vain women were interested in the feminine style, but women in general continued to show negative responses toward sexy and dramatic clothes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.2 s.81
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• pp.77-84
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• 1997

The samples of 26 lichens were collected during two field trips to Ullung Island in May and October, 1995. From the samples collected, three species in two genera were identified; Graphis rikuziensis (Vain.) Nak., G. scripta (L.) Ach. and Pyrenula japonica Kurok. Among them, P. japonica was identified for the first time in Korea and is described here in detail.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.589-592
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• 2002

A commercial CFD code is applied to analyze the 3-D viscous flow field within vertical multi-stage centrifugal pump including impeller of centrifugal pump with 6 blades and guide vain with 11 blades. The numerical analysis of vertical multi-stage centrifugal pump is performed by changing flow rate from $8\;to\;26\;m^{3}/h$ at the constant 3500rpm. The characteristics such as total pressure coefficient, total head, water horse power, power efficiency are represented according to flow rate changing. In the future, we will need to perform flow calculation of vertical multi-stage centrifugal pump by considering meridional shape of impeller.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2001

This study gives information for the enterprise to map out a positive marketing strategy and facilitate a new product development by researching and analyzing the specific character of the high income woman-brackets. In order to do that, based upon the materials of the National Statistical office, I made a selection of the high income brackets, subdividing their scholastic ability into four serfs. The subject of the study was the women from twenties to sixties among customers of a high class dress shop in Taejeon. I made up 600 questionnaires for them. using 441 of these for the statistical analysis and making available the correlation analysis, the primary factor analysis, and $X^2$-test. This study is classified into the type of women customers purchasing clothes who are the high-income brackets. Intended to study a special quality of purchasing according to income. 1. The purchasing manner of the high-income brackets customers is exposed the luxurious vain purchasing manner, the rational reasonable manner, and idiosyncrasy individual manner in order 1) The consumer of the high-income brackets in general prefer to a high class clothes. In the contrast, low-income brackets prefer to rational reasonable consumption in spending money on clothes. 2) The favorite consumption manner of the high income brackets is the luxurious vain purchasing manner. This consumption values the more symbolic means the things show than owing the goods. 2. The higher standard of education and younger tends to be high in the luxurious, vain purchasing. 3. The unreasonable purchasing show an high irrelation at the impulse buying arid self-satisfaction. 4. Self-satisfaction shows the highest interrelation than any other variations in the concern of clothes. 5. The symbolic images which exerts an influence upon purchasing manner are the notable elements of constituting as growing older. 6. The high standard of education prefers to the rational resonable purchasing, but on the other hand shows a high rate at the unreasonable individual purchasing manner.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.25_2
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• pp.1-43
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• 2015

Daesoonjinrihoe perceives that human suffering is caused not only by mental factors but also by the cosmic principle of Mutual Overcoming more fundamentally. The relationship influenced among all things in the universe is Mutual Beneficence and Mutual Overcoming. If these relations are properly cooperated in harmony, all things will reveal their energetic existence in a balanced state, however, if one side, particularly, Mutual Overcoming becomes excessive, indeed, it will cause trouble. That is, the sentient beings that are inclined to excessive Mutual Overcoming rather than indispensable Mutual Overcoming make grievances among themselves and cumulate them. In the end, heaven and earth lose its constant Way[常道], leading the sentient beings to all kinds of agonies. However, it may be a problem if every agony is depicted with Mutual Overcoming, that is, one single fixed frame, because Mutual Overcoming has to be interpreted diversely according to the circumstances. Thus, it is not possible to explain precisely about the agony if not understanding its spectrum. This study analyzed the ways how Daesoonjinrihoe explains the aspects of reasons and solutions to a variety of agonies. In the Supreme Scripture of Daesoonjinrihoe, the reasons for agony vary: first, it is caused by Mutual Overcoming of the cosmos itself, which is irrelevant to human beings. Secondly, man can be victimized because of Mutual Overcoming caused by man. Thirdly, there is a case of a victim who is damaged due to Mutual Overcoming caused by the other. Fourthly, man can be victimized because of Mutual Overcoming caused by someone else's unintended deeds. Fifthly, there is a case of man having agony in return when he, as a perpetrator, hurt others or resolve his inappropriate desires. Sixthly, man's deed unintendedly became a sin and have agony in return. Seventhly, man can be a self-perpetrator, conceiving vain desire, obsession and grievance. Eightly, there is a case of man having agony during enforcement of the law or practice of justice. Ninthly, man needs to endure agony during self-cultivation, enacting Reordering of the Universe(天地公事), ritual practice, promotion of fortune, and test. However, it is important to make sure that the reason for agony can interact with not only one but also diverse models in real situation. These nine models are included in the category of Mutual Overcoming; but, these cannot be classified in a single term, Mutual Overcoming because much information will be hidden, only to make it difficult to explain about agony more precisely. There are some characteristic observed in the concept of agony in Daesoonjinrihoe as follows: first, reasons for agony are caused by Mutual Overcoming although Mutual Overcoming can be interpreted differently according to the circumstances. Secondly, Daesoonjinrihoe makes a positive valuation for some agony. Thirdly, the solution to overcome a agony is brought to a conclusion, that is cultivation practice of Daesoonjinrihoe. Fourthly, the experience of agony and solution in Daesoonjinrihoe sometimes lie in the unit of family beyond individual. Fifthly, in the painful situation resulted from vain desire and obsession, Daesoonjinrihoe suggests a solution called Mutual Beneficence. That is, it emphasizes not only self-control but also active practice of considering others.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2024

Songla (Usnea diffracta Vain.) is one of the lichens belonging to the genus Usnea, and pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and cardiovascular protection have been reported in previous studies, but its efficacy in skin and hair is not well known. In this study, the effect of Usnea diffracta extract (UDE) on anti-aging and dermal papilla cell proliferation was verified in vitro. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the UDE significantly reduced the expression of MMP-1 and the activity of MAPKs (ERK, p38, JNK) and AP-1 (c-Fos, c-Jun), which were increased by UVA in HDFn. In addition, the UDE significantly increased the proliferation of HFDPC and significantly increased the mRNA expression of VEGF and KGF, which are hair growth factors. Accordingly, the phosphorylation of ERK/CREB involved in hair proliferation and expression of growth factors was increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The main component represented by the main peak was separated and purified using Prep LC by concentrating the UDE, which was confirmed as diffractaic acid through NMR and Mess analysis. Isolated diffractaic acid significantly reduced the expression of MMP-1 increased by UVA in HDFn and increased the proliferation of HFDPC in a concentration-dependent manner. The result suggest that UDE proved its usability as a natural cosmetic material with anti-aging and dermal papilla cell activation effects.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.45-54
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• 1998

The purpose of this study were to (1) suggest that the combination of self-concept and innovation-theory could help in fashion marketing strategies and (2) to find unique characteristics of fashion innovators in self-concept. For this purposes, the self-concept theories and the related research studies were reviewed, and a valid and reliable self-report scale was used to measure fashion innovativeness for 236 female college students. The t-test were used to compare the self-concept items between innovators and followers. The results are as follows; 1. The fashion consumption is a manifestation of self image and consumers choose products that are consistent with their self-concept. 2. Fashion innovators describe themselves as more modern, indulgent, colorful, vain, liberal, delicated, dominant, and organized than followers. The implications of the findings for fashion merchandising are discussed.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2008

As we know, since Japan's robust economy - which lasted from the mid-1980s to early 1990s (the so-called Bubble Economy) - collapsed in 1991, the country has been enduring a prolonged stagnation period, and experiencing a long wave of economic, financial and political reform. People negatively refer to this period as "the Lost 10 years," suggesting the decade has been spent in vain, with Japan having done constructive for its future. On the contrary, many Korean used to say "the Lost 10 years," We review the background and situation of Japan's and Korea's. Then, Korea have to remember what's the reason in Japan.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 1973

The selection and treatment with resection and drainage for patients with emphysematous bullae is discussed with reference to two patients recently. One case with bilateral multiple bullous emphysema resulting tension pneumothorax due to rupture of the bullae on right, 47 year old man with pulmonary tuberculosis history for 16 years, was treated with resection of the bullae on right including upper lobectomy and c!osed rhoracostomy drainage on left for another spontaneous pneumothorax, and result was excellent for 6 month after discharge. Another 53 year old man with giant tension air cysts occupying right whole lung field and shifting mediastinum to the left was treated with right under water sealed closed thoracostomy drainage for 7 days in vain, and resection was not performed for his poor respiratory function and general condition. The most useful preoperarive information was obtained from a study of the plain chest radiogram and the surgical procedure of choice was obliteration of the bullae at thoracotomy.