• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.953-966
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to investigate the nutritional status and blood constituents of the diabetics by obese index. All the measurements were taken from 501 (male 202, female 299) diabetics. Subjects were devided into 4 groups(underweight, ideal body weight, overweight, obesity) by obese index. 1) Energy intake was 1670-1900 Kcal in male diabetics and 1460-1560 Kcal in female diabetics. 2) In male diabetics, intakes of dietary cholesterol, protein food and polyunsturated fatty acid were significantly higher in underweight group than the other three groups. 3) In male diabetics, obese indices of RBW, BMI, WHR were observed to have significant positive correlation with alcohol intake(r=0.15, p<0.05). In female diabetics, WHR was observed to have a significant positive correlation with cholesterol intake(r=0.21, p<0.001). 4) In male diabetics, obese indices of RBW, BMI were observed to have significant negative correlations with total fatty acid(r=-0.16, -0.15), PUFA(r=-0.21, -0.20), total 6 fatty acid (r=-0.20, -0.19), and linoleic acid(r=-0.20, -0.19). In female diabetics, obese index of weight was observed to have significant negative correlations with total fatty acid(r=-0.13), saturated fatty acid(r=-0.13). 5) HDL (5) of diabetics was lower than normal level in all weight groups except underweight. VLDL(5) and serum TG(mg/dl) of diabetics was higher than normal level in all weight groups except underweight. 6) In male diabetics, obese indices of weight, RBW, BMI were observed to have significant negative correlations with HDL(r=-0.44, -0.29, -0.35), positive correlation with VLDL(r=0.39, 0.24, 0.30), and positive correlations with serum TG(r=0.25, 0.22, 0.24).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2005

There has been increasing research interests that green vegetables play beneficial roles in human health. This study was performed to investigate the effects of freeze-dried green vegetable extract of Angelica keiskei Koidz (A) and Brassica oleracea acephala (B) on lipid profiles and antioxidant status in rats. Seven-weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups and fed diets containing 5% A & B and 0.5% cholesterol (cho) for 8 weeks [Control Diet (C) & C + chol (CC), A & A + chol (AC), B & B + chol (BC)]. Lipid profiles and antioxidant status were determined by enzyme assay methods. The serum levels of [LDL + VLDLJ-cholesterol of the rats fed vegetable extract diets A and B were significantly lower than that of group C and the ratios of HDL/[LDL + VLDL] were significantly higher in groups A and B. Addition of cholesterol in the diet, however, abolished this effect. The Brassica oleracea acephala juice lowered serum TG level even when cholesterol was added to the diet. Serum total antioxidant status(TAS) were significantly higher in groups A and B as compared to the control group and the ratios of [GSH-Px +Catalase]/total-SOD in the liver were also significantly higher in groups A and B indicating that H202 produced be efficiently removed. In conclusion, freeze-dried green vegetable extract diets (A and B) improved serum lipid profiles by increasing the HDL/[LDL + VLDL〕 ratio and exerted favorable influences on antioxidant systems by improving total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum and by significantly increasing the ratio of [GSH-Px + Catalase]/total-SOD in the liver.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.21-33
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of antioxidant vitamins on the cellular oxidant damage by observing the mitogenicity in the mouse spleen and the strand breaks of DNA in mouse blood induced by $AFB_2$. Intraperitoneal(i.p.) injections of vitamin C(VC) of 10 mg/kg and vitamin E(VE) of 63.8 mg/kg were repeatedly administered to male ICR mice of 6 weeks old at intervals of 4 times every 2 days. After one hour vitamin treatments, $AFB_1$ of 0.4 mg/kg was injected into the $AFB_2$ plus vitamin treated groups in the same way. On the other hands, into the $AFB_2$ only treated group, only $AFB_2$ was injected without vitamins in the same method as above. The results of the experiment are as follows ; as regard to comet assay, DNA strand breaks were clearly present and they formatted a typical comet tail in the mice blood of the $AFB_2$ only treated groups. However, comet tails apparently disappeared in $AFB_2$ plus antioxidant vitamins treated groups since oxidant damage was controlled in an almost similar level to the control group. Mitogenicity of the spleen also showed a similar tendency as before, and these differences were more remarkably observed in the reaction against Con-A, which is a T-cell mitogen. In these data, the statistical significance was p<0.01. The LDL and VLDL levels were 408.72, 504.47 mg/dl respectively in the $AFB_2$ only treated groups. Compared with the $AFB_1$ only treated groups, those of $AFB_2$ plus antioxidant vitamin treated groups decreased to 272.06(VC), 305.28 mg/dl(VE), respectively. On the other hand, HDL levels were diminished to 32.60, 29.60 mg/dl in $AFB_2$ only treated groups, compared to 42.23, 41.14 mg/dl in the $AFB_2$ plus antioxidant vitamins treated groups. But, blood glucose levels were not statistically significant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2015

Castration induces the accumulation of body fat and deposition of intramuscular fat in Korean cattle, resulting in improved beef quality. However, little is known about the metabolic adaptations in the liver following castration. To understand changes in lipid metabolism following castration, hepatic expression levels of lipid metabolism genes were compared between Korean bulls and steers. Steers had higher (p<0.001) hepatic lipids contents and higher (p<0.01) mRNA levels of lipogenic acetyl-CoA carboxylase. This differential gene expression may, in part, contribute to increased hepatic lipid content following the castration of bulls. However, we found no differences in the hepatic expression levels of genes related to triglyceride synthesis (mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 and 2) and fatty acid (FA) oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, C-4 to C-12 straight chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) between bulls and steers. No differences in gene expression for very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, including apolipoprotein B mRNA and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) protein, were observed in the liver although MTTP mRNA levels were higher in steers compared to bulls. In conclusion, FA synthesis may contribute to increased hepatic lipid deposition in steers following castration. However, hepatic lipid metabolism, including triglyceride synthesis, FA oxidation, and VLDL secretion, was not significantly altered by castration. Our results suggest that hepatic lipid metabolism does not significantly contribute to increased body fat deposition in steers following castration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Ca supplementation of 1,000mg per day for 53 weeks on lipid, Na, and K metabolism and on blood pressure in postmenopausal women. The subjects were 12 healthy women aged from 60 to 70 years. They were divided into two groups : the placebo(control group) and the Ca supplemented(1,000 mg/day) group(Ca group). Metabolic studies were conducted twice in the 1st and the 53rd weeks. The results were as follows : Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-choesterol levels tended to be decreased after the experiment. Serum VLDL-cholesterol lowering effect was observed with Ca supplementation(p<0.05), and also the significantly elevated HDL/(LDL+VLDL) ratio in Ca supplemented subjects whose average Na intake was as high as 4.9g per day. This phenomena was accompanied with increased Na retention and increased Na excretion in feces, but with decreased urinary Na in Ca supplemented group. However, considering much higher Na reteniton in the control group at the end of experiment(control va Ca ; 1272.3mg vs 732.9mg), Ca supplementation may have some beneficial effects on Na blance. Serum aldosterone level increased significantly in the Ca group after the exsperiment(p<0.05). With these normotensive subjects, there were no level increased significantly in the Ca group after the experiment(p<0.05). With these normotensive subjects, there were no pronounced effect of Ca supplementation on blood pressure, however, decrease in diastolic blood pressure were observed at the 14th week and end of the experiment(p<0.05). In summary, the Ca supplementation on postmenopausal Koran women appears to exert a desirables effect on blood lipid patterns related to the coronary heart diseases and to be beneficial in controlling diastolic blood pressure. Further studies with hypertensive or/and hyperlipidemic subjects are required to clarify the effect of Ca supplementation in Koreans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.123-129
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• 1997

The effects of Aster scaber(Cham chyi) and Ixeris dentata(Sumbagui) of composite were studied on lipid metabolism in rats. Thirty rats were divided into five groups and fed diets containing 1% cholesterol, 0.25% sodium cholate, 10% coconut oil and 5% lard(control group) for 4 weeks. For each experimental diet added was 5% plant powder or extract of the plant which was equivalent to 5% Plant powder by dry weight. The lipid components of serum were assayed. The concentration of the total cholesterol was significantly lower in Cham chyi, and Sumbagui powder and the extract groups of those powder than the control group. The concentration of HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher in rats fed Cham chyi and Sumbagui powder than the control group. The concentration of LDL, LDL-cholestrol, VLDL and chylomicron were comparatively lower in Cham chyi and Sumbagui powder groups than those in the control group. The concentration of seum triglyceride was lower in Cham chyi powder fed group than the control group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.296-303
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• 1986

Rat lipoprotein-deficient plasma possessed a lipid tramsfer inhibitory activity when it was added to purified human plasma lipid transfer protien, while it lacked a lipid transfer activity. Incubation of whole rat plasma with partially purified human lipid transfer protein resulted in big changes in lipid distribution of rat plasma lipoproteins. There w was a 4-fold increase in cholesteryl ester(CE) and 4 47 % reduction in triglyceride(TG) in very low density lipoproteins after 2싹lour incubation. In high density lipoprotein $2(HDL_2)$ there was a 9­fold increase in TG and 33 % reduction in CEo HDL3 had 82 % reduction in CE. The result indi­c cates that the absence of the lipid transfer activity in rat plasma can be ascribed not to the inability of rat lipoproteins to serve as substrates but to the lack of 야Ie lipid transfer protein in rat plasma. Th­e erefore, species differences in lipid transfer betwe­e en lipoproteins should be taken into consideration to interpret results of studies on lipoprotein m.eta­b bolism using rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.513-524
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• 1993

mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effects of $\beta$-glucan remain unclear. Rats were divided into 3 groups ; normal control group, atherogenic group(oral administration of cholesterol 40 mg/kg/day plus vit. $D_2$ 320,000 IU/kg/day), $\beta$-glucan treatment group(atherogenic treatment plus $\beta$-glucan 0.135 g/kg/day). The $\beta$-glucan treatment group showed moderate increases of serum lipids concentration compared with atherogenic group. In histopathological examination, aortas showed no critical lesions. The total fecal neutral sterols and bile acids excreted for 6 days was increased compared with both normal and atherogenic group. To compare effects of soluble fiber and insoluble fiber extracted from barley on postprandial lipemia, 5 healthy male adults ingested on separate days a low-fiber(total dietary fiber 2.61g) control meal or dietary fiber-enriched(12.61g) meals. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were obtained for 6.5h and serum lipids were analyzed. The serum total lipids, total cholesterols, LDL & VLDL-cholesterol were markedly reduced with soluble fiber-enriched meals, but no decrease with insoluble fiber-enriched meals. These results suggest that mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of $\beta$-glucan on rats were due to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the intestinal lumen and acceleration of cholesterol catabolism in the liver. And the soluble dietary fiber($\beta$-glucan) has the hypocholesterolemic effect by dropping serum LDL & VLDL-cholesterol in the clinical study.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.195-200
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• 1999

The present study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of crude ginseng extract added to food on the lipid composition in serum of rats fed lard and alcohol. Thirty-five males of Sprague-Dawley strains weighed about 130 g were divided into 7 group, each group receiving a different diet for 10 weeks ; i.e. basal diet plus 15% lard, basal diet plus 5% alcohol, basal diet plus 0.5% crude ginseng extract, basal diet plus 15% lard and 0.5% crude ginseng extract. Determinations were carried out on the net weight gain, food efficiency ratio, weight of organs, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free cholesterol. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Rats given feed containing lard and alcohol showed significant decrease in net weight gain, but crude ginseng extract caused an increase in food efficiency ratio. 2. Lard supplementation group showed increase in the weight of liver, kidney, spleen, but another groups did not. 3. The contents ratio of triglyceride, total cholesterol in serum of lard-fed group showed significant increase compared to controls and but the simultaneous supplementation of crude ginseng extract and lard decreased significantly than those of lard-fed group. 4. The contents of free-cholesterol and ester cholesterol in serum of the simultaneous supplementation of crude ginseng extract group decreased as compared with the lard single fed group. 5. Crude ginseng extract single-fed groups. 6. The ratio of contents of VLDL, LDL-cholesterol in serum was significantly high in the only lard containing group and alcohol group, the crude ginseng extract supplemented group was showed lower tendency than only lard and alcohol group. The above results suggest that crude ginseng extract would prevent the metabolic disease by improving hyperlipoidemia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.306-311
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pretreatment with nicotinamide on the serum lipid composition and atherosclerotic index in streptozotocin ( STZ ) - induced diabetic rats. Nicotinamide pretreatment in STZ-induced diabetic rats inhibited the rise of serum glucose concentration. Serum total lipids and triglyceride levels in the STZ-induced diabetic rats were significantly higher than those in the control group. But in the group pretreated with nicotin-amide, triglyceride and lipid levels were significantly lower compared with those of STZ-induced diabetic rat group without nicotinamide. However, the serum phospholipid levels were not statistically different among treatment groups. In the STZ-induced diabetic group, the serum total cholesterol, VLDL, LDL-cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic index were higher and HDL-cholesterol level was lower compared to the control group. However, these changes were prevented by nicotinamide pretreatment. Pretreatment with nicotinamide significantly increased tile activities of serum lipase compared to the STZ-treated group. Aminotranferase (ALT, AST) activities were not significantly different in any of the groups.