• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.541-548
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• 2002

본 연구의 in vitro 실험결과를 살펴보면, 배양액의 pH와 암모니아 생성량은 전 배양 시간동안 처리구간 통계적 유의차가 없었다. Total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate 생성량은 12 h에서 HPM을 0.2%, 1% 첨가한 시험구에서 대조구와 비교하여 증가하는 경향이었으나, 2% 첨가구에서는 오히려 감소되었고, 48 h에서는 HPM 첨가한 세 처리구에서 대조구와 비교하여 모두 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 반면에, 다른 배양시간대에서는 처리구간 통계적 유의차는 발견되지 않았다. A/P ratio 경우에도 처리구간 유의차가 없었다. 총 gas 생성량은 배양시간 24 h과 48 h에 HPM 처리구에서 대조구와 비교하여 증가하였다 (P<0.05). 한편 사양실험은 열처리된 단백질 (대두박)과 광물질의 복합 제제 (HPM)가 젖소의 유생산량과 유성분에 끼치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었는데 그 결과를 요약하면, 유생산량은 대조구와 비교하여 HPM 시험구에서 하루에 약 1kg 정도 더 높았고 (27. 7 vs 28.8 kg/d, P<0.001), 4% FCM 생성량 또한 대조구와 비교하여 볼 때 HPM 시험구에서 1.3 kg/d 이 더 높았다 (P<0.001). 유단백 (P<0.05)과 SNF (P<0.05)도 대조구와 비교하여 HPM 시험구에서 그 생산량이 증가되었다. 반면에, 유지방, MUN과 체세포수는 처리구간 통계적 유의차가 발견되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아, HPM 첨가에 의한 반추위 발효 저해현상은 없었으며, HPM 내 함유되어 있는 열처리된 단백질과 광물질의 결합체와 잔여 광물질이 반추위 내 단백질과 결합하여 단백질 분해 속도를 지연시킴으로써, 단백질의 by-pass율을 증가시켜, 유생산량 증가와 유질을 개선 (유단백질, SNF 함량 증가 등) 하는 등 젖소의 생산성을 향상시킨 것으로 요약할 수 있다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a group walking exercise program on body composition, blood lipids and psychological factors at a community. Method: The subjects were 200 women(29 groups) who agreed to participate in group walking exercise for three months. Their ages ranged between 30 to 77 years. A simple walking exercise protocol was given to the participants, which was to do walking over three times a week and over thirty minutes each time. We compared the participants' body composition (BMI, PBF, BFM, FFM, WHR and VFA), blood lipids (HDL C, LDL C, total cholesterol, triglyceride) and exercise-self efficacy, self esteem, and quality of life before and after group walking. Collected data were analyzed through paired t test using the SAS program. Results: BMI. PBF, BFM, WHR, and VFA were significantly reduced (p<.01). However. FFM did not increase significantly (p=.416). There were significant changes in TC and TG (p<.01) but not in LDL C (P=.340). HDL C decreased but within the normal range. Exercise-self efficacy and quality of life did not increase significantly. Only self esteem increased significantly (p<.0001). Conclusion: Group walking exercise had positive effects on body composition, blood lipid and self esteem in community women.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.217-233
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• 1998

Milk yield and its composition is governed by level of nutrition and the composition of diet. Higher concentrate input improves milk yield, whereas its input at moderate levels improves yield of milk fat. High level of dietary protein improves dry matter intake and milk production, however, CP content above 14% has less advantage. Milk yield is enhanced by the feeding of cottonseed and soyabean meal, whereas milk fat increases by the supplementation of cottonseed. Dietary fat increases energy intake, production of milk and milk fat. Quality and quantity of feeds consumed affect fermentation patterns in rumen. Among the rumen metabolites, volatile fatty acids (VFA) content and propionate proportion have been related positively with milk yield, whereas proportion of acetate and butyrate have been related positively with milk fat content. Dietary carbohydrates through the source of sugar, starch, roughage and fibre affect VFA concentration in rumen. Therefore, concentration of volatile fatty acids could be altered to the advantage of consumer through judicious manipulation of diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1116-1122
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of sunflower seeds, either as whole or as oil, on rumen fermentation, milk production, milk composition and fatty acids profile in dairy goats. Fifteen lactating Damascus goats were divided randomly into three groups (n = 5) fed a basal diet of concentrate feed mixture and fresh Trifolium alexandrinum at 50:50 on dry matter basis (Control) in addition to 50 g/head/d sunflower seeds whole (SS) or 20 mL/head/d sunflower seeds oil (SO) in a complete randomized design. Milk was sampled every two weeks during 90 days of experimental period for chemical analysis and rumen was sampled at 30, 60, and 90 days of the experiment for ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (tVFA), and ammonia-N determination. Addition of SO decreased (p = 0.017) ruminal pH, whereas SO and SS increased tVFA (p<0.001) and acetate (p = 0.034) concentrations. Serum glucose increased (p = 0.013) in SO and SS goats vs Control. The SO and SS treated goats had improved milk yield (p = 0.007) and milk fat content (p = 0.002). Moreover, SO increased milk lactose content (p = 0.048) and feed efficiency (p = 0.046) compared to Control. Both of SS and SO increased (p<0.05) milk unsaturated fatty acids content specially conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) vs Control. Addition of SS and SO increased (p = 0. 021) C18:3N3 fatty acid compared to Control diet. Data suggested that addition of either SS or SO to lactating goats ration had beneficial effects on milk yield and milk composition with enhancing milk content of healthy fatty acids (CLA and omega 3), without detrimental effects on animal performance.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a group walking exercise on body composition, blood lipid profiles and psychological factors. Also this study was to examine the satisfaction of walking exercise and characteristics of the exercise behavior among participants. Method: The subjects, aged 30 to 77 years, were 138 participants in a 24-week, group walking exercise. A walking exercise protocol and education was given to the participants, which was to do walking over three times a week and over thirty minutes each time. We compared the participants' body composition (BMI, PBF, BFM, FFM, WHR and VFA), blood lipid profiles (HDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglyceride), exercise self-efficacy and quality of life before and after group walking excercise. Collected data were analyzed through paired t-test using the SAS program. Results: Mean walking frequency was 11.4 times per month and mean walking time was 71.5 min. BMI, PBF, BFM, WHR, and VFA were significantly decreased. FFM increased significantly (p=.0002). There were significant decreased in TC, LDL-C and TG.. Exercise self-efficacy did not increase significantly, but quality of life increased significantly(p=.0088). Conclusion: Community-Based 24 weeks group walking exercise program had positive effects on body composition, blood lipids and quality of life.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2012

An in vitro rumen batch culture study was completed to compare effects of common grasses, leguminous shrubs and non-leguminous shrubs used for livestock grazing in Australia and Ghana on $CH_4$ production and fermentation characteristics. Grass species included Andropodon gayanus, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Pennisetum purpureum. Leguminous shrub species included Cajanus cajan, Cratylia argentea, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala and Stylosanthes guianensis and non-leguminous shrub species included Annona senegalensis, Moringa oleifera, Securinega virosa and Vitellaria paradoxa. Leaves were harvested, dried at $55^{\circ}C$ and ground through a 1 mm screen. Serum bottles containing 500 mg of forage, modified McDougall's buffer and rumen fluid were incubated under anaerobic conditions at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Samples of each forage type were removed after 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation for determination of cumulative gas production. Methane production, ammonia concentration and proportions of VFA were measured at 24 h. Concentration of aNDF (g/kg DM) ranged from 671 to 713 (grasses), 377 to 590 (leguminous shrubs) and 288 to 517 (non-leguminous shrubs). After 24 h of in vitro incubation, cumulative gas, $CH_4$ production, ammonia concentration, proportion of propionate in VFA and IVDMD differed (p<0.05) within each forage type. B. ruziziensis and G. sepium produced the highest cumulative gas, IVDMD, total VFA, proportion of propionate in VFA and the lowest A:P ratios within their forage types. Consequently, these two species produced moderate $CH_4$ emissions without compromising digestion. Grazing of these two species may be a strategy to reduce $CH_4$ emissions however further assessment in in vivo trials and at different stages of maturity is recommended.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.200-207
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• 2017

SA-TSA 복합구를 이용해 폐활성슬러지로부터 VFAs를 생산하고, 이를 발효 기질로 이용해 PHA를 생산하기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 30%의 SA-TSA 복합구를 처리하였을 때 폐활성슬러지의 가용화 효율이 가장 효과적으로 일어나서 약 3,900 mg/L의 SCOD값을 얻었으며, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid 및 butyric acid를 주성분으로 하는 2,961 mg/L 농도의 VFAs를 얻었다. VFAs를 외부탄소원으로 이용하는 SBR 공정을 통해 PHA를 생합성하는 미생물을 농화배양하는 실험을 수행하고 PCR-DGGE로 분석한 결과, 우점 미생물로 Vibrio spp.와 Corynebacterium glutamicum이 확인되었다. 폐활성슬러지로부터 얻은 VFAs를 탄소원으로 사용하여 농화된 혼합미생물배양체를 회분배양한 결과, 건체량의 25.9%에 달하는 PHB를 얻었다. 본 연구결과는 SA-TSA 복합구를 이용하여 폐활성슬러지로부터 VFAs를 얻음으로써 폐슬러지 감량화 효과를 얻고, 또 혼합미생물배양체를 이용하여 VFAs를 바이오폴리머로 전환함으로써 경제성을 확보할 수 있는 새로운 생물공정의 가능성을 보여준다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.642-651
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Methods: Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems. Results: Changes in the fermentation (pH, lactate, acetate, propionate, and NH3-N) and chemical composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash) were observed. For in vitro rumen fermentation, lower rumen pH, higher acetate, propionate, and total VFA content were observed in the F-TMR group after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). F-TMR group had higher acetate concentration compared with the non-fermented group. Total VFA was highest (p<0.05) in F-TMR containing combined forage of domestic and imported source (F-CF) and F-TMR containing Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage (F-IRS-CS) than that of TMR diet containing oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay. The microbial population was not affected by the different TMR diets. Conclusion: The use of Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage, as well as the inoculation of coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis, in the TMR caused changes in the pH, lactate and acetate concentrations, and chemical composition of experimental diets. In addition, F-TMR composed with Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage altered ruminal pH and VFA concentrations during in vitro rumen fermentation experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.832-840
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the effects of storage duration and temperature on the characteristics of wet brewers grains (WBG) as feeds for ruminant animals. Four storage temperatures ($5^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$) and four durations (0, 1, 2, and 3 d) were arranged in a $4{\times}4$ factorial design. Surface spoilage, chemical composition and microorganism density were analyzed. An in vitro gas test was also conducted to determine the pH, ammonia-nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations after 24 h incubation. Surface spoilage was apparent at higher temperatures such as $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. Nutrients contents decreased concomitantly with prolonged storage times (p<0.01) and increasing temperatures (p<0.01). The amount of yeast and mold increased (p<0.05) with increasing storage times and temperatures. As storage temperature increased, gas production, in vitro disappearance of organic matter, pH, ammonia nitrogen and total VFA from the WBG in the rumen decreased (p<0.01). Our results indicate that lower storage temperature promotes longer beneficial use period. However, when storage temperature exceeds $35^{\circ}C$, WBG should be used within a day to prevent impairment of rumen fermentation in the subtropics such as Southeast China, where the temperature is typically above $35^{\circ}C$ during summer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1604-1609
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• 2003

A metabolism trial with four ruminally fistulated sheep was conducted in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to examine the effect of concentrate to roughage ratio (70:30 vs. 85:15) and oil source (soybean oil vs. rapeseed oil) on the ruminal fermentation pattern and $C_{18}$-fatty acids composition including trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (trans11-ODA) and cis9, trans11-18:2 (cis9, trans11-CLA) in the rumen fluid and plasma. Oil was added to the concentrate at 5% level of the total diet (DM basis) and chopped rye grass hay was fed as roughage. An increased level of concentrate (85%) within supplemented oil slightly lowered pH but increased ammonia concentration. Supplementation of rapeseed oil relatively increased pH and ammonia concentration. Higher concentrate level resulted in increased tendencies of total VFA concentration while oil source did not affect the total VFA concentration and VFA proportion. Whole tract digestibilities of DM, CP, EE, NDF and OM in diets slightly increased at higher concentrate level. Proportions of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) in the rumen fluid were influenced by the fatty acid composition of oil source but oil source did not affect the in vitro formations of trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA. Slightly increased trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions, however, were observed from the sheep fed high roughage diet supplemented with both soybean oil and rapeseed oil. The $C_{18:1}$ and $C_{18:2}$ composition in supplemented oils responded to those in plasma of sheep. Effects of concentrate to roughage ratio and oil source on trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions in plasma were found to be small. Proportion of cis9, trans11-CLA in plasma tended to be increased from the sheep fed high roughage diet and collection time at 9h post feeding.