• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.113-122
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• 1999

The importance of the vertical response of a structure was well recognized after the Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake of Japan. However, most of the seismic design codes does not specified the site sail profiles, and the sail and foundations conditions were mostly neglected in the vertical seismic analyses of a structure. In this paper, the effects of foundation size, sail layer depth under the foundation, foundation embedment and pile foundation on the vertical seismic response spectra for both surface and embedded mat foundation were studied to investigate the effects of the soft soil layer on the vertical response of a structure excited with the vertical components of Taft and El Centro earthquakes, considering the sail profile types of $S_A,S_C,S_E$ in UBC-97, the medium and large size foundations, the soil layer depth under the foundation of 30 and 60m, the foundation embedment of 0 and 15m, and the precast reinforced concrete bearing piles installed in the soft soil deposit. According to the study results, the foundation size has a little effect on the vertical seismic response, However, the soil layer depth under the foundation of 60m has to be considered for the vertical seismic analysis of a structure as for the horizontal one. The embedded pile foundations as well as the surface ones built on the soft soil layer amplified the vertical seismic response of a structure very much.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.431-441
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• 2021

Full-mouth rehabilitation with increasing vertical dimension can be used for patients with severely worn teeth. In severely worn teeth also, the alveolar process can be elongated to compensate for the reduced vertical dimension, and the patient's vertical dimension of occlusion can be kept constant. However, full-mouth rehabilitation with increasing vertical dimension must be carefully chosen, because the vertical dimension can be reduced by tooth wear. It is important to establish a treatment plan with the systematic diagnosis of the change in the vertical dimension and gain space for the prosthesis. It is necessary to change the vertical dimension to secure the restoration space and select the minimum vertical dimension elevation for the esthetic and functional goal. In this case report, the patient complained of difficulty during chewing due to a worn dentition and wanted esthetic improvement of the short mandibular anterior teeth. After systematic evaluation and diagnosis, we performed full-mouth rehabilitation with minimum vertical dimension elevation to obtain the space for restoration. This resulted in a stable and harmonious occlusion, and the functional and esthetic problems of the patient were solved after treatment. The patient was satisfied with the results of the treatment and maintained stable occlusion during the follow-up period.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 2013

Purpose: It seems obvious that the hospital structures become more large-sized and tall-risen in Korea today. Nothing is more influential than the vertical core plan on the movements of various people in such large-tall hospitals. The present paper, therefore, aims to study on the efficient hospital core space paying first attention to patients by analysing the data on relations between/among department layouts of vertical and horizontal movements. Methods: This study sampled representative 14 hospitals and drew their degrees of data importance on the basis of precedented relative studies. This study also analysed their placements on the blueprint and made confirmations of their arrangements through their homepage on line. Actual visits were made to make sure of the spacial connections between/among departments in the hospitals as well. Results: Even in emergency case in need for vertical movements, the central main core spaces are usually used, which is because special vertical transportation systems are not provided. In these cases, the main core spaces are very important for those who have to move vertically and/or horizontally according to the locations and types of main cores. While special lifts or dumbwaiters are prepared to install for the important articles, such as samples of pathology department, most patients should share with regular visitors the elevators not separated visually and spatially from them. Implications: Vertical core plans are greatly dependent on the ward types and hospital styles. This study is hopefully expected to contribute itself to the standard setting-up of comfortable and quick vertical core system operations for patients.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.231-244
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• 2001

This study was conducted to observe the effect on appendage muscle strength according to increase in occlusal vertical dimension. For this study, ten males with a mean age of 21 were selected. The subjects had a complete or almost complete set of natural teeth and reported no subjected symptoms of pain or dysfunction in the masticatory system. The tested occlusal splints were made at the position of increased occlusal vertical dimension of 2mm, 3.5mm, and 5mm from the ICP. Before and after wearing occlusal splints, the appendage muscle strength were tested by CybexII Dynamometer in each subject. The results were as follows : 1. When occlusal vertical dimension was increased, most of mean muscular strength values were increased except for those of supination and pronation of forearm at the position of 5mm increased occlusal vertical dimension. 2. The statistical analyses demonstrated that the increased occlusal vertical dimension position to be significantly stronger than intercuspal position for the muscle strength of the flexion and extension of hip, supination of forearm, external and internal rotation of knee, dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of ankle (p<0.05). 3. At the position of 3.5mm increased vertical dimension displayed the highest mean muscluar strength value than other positions. 4. Statistically demonstrated values, except for supination of forearm, internal rotation of shoulder, were related to lower appendage. Therefore splint was more effective on lower appendage than upper appendage to make muscle strength increased. 5. The mean increased rate of muscular strength tested on knee(57%), ankle(42%), and wrist(20%) were higher than hip(31%), elbow(14%), and shoulder(17%).

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2016

The vertical distributions of aerosol extinction coefficient were estimated using the scaling height retrieved at Gwangju, Korea ($35.23^{\circ}N$, $126.84^{\circ}E$) during a spring season (March to May) of 2009. The aerosol scaling heights were calculated on a basis of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the surface visibilities. During the observation period, the scaling heights varied between 3.55 km and 0.39 km. The retrieved vertical profiles of extinction coefficient from these scaling heights were compared with extinction profile derived from the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) observation. The retrieve vertical profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient were categorized into three classes according to the values of AODs and the surface visibilities: (Case I) the AODs and the surface visibilities are measured as both high, (Case II) the AODs and the surface visibilities are both lower, and (Others) the others. The averaged scaling heights for the three cases were $3.09{\pm}0.46km$, $0.82{\pm}0.27km$, and $1.46{\pm}0.57km$, respectively. For Case I, differences between the vertical profile retrieved from the scaling height and the LIDAR observation was highest. Because aerosols in Case I are considered as dust-dominant, uplifted dust above planetary boundary layer (PBL) was influenced this discrepancy. However, for the Case II and other cases, the modelled vertical aerosol extinction profiles from the scaling heights are in good agreement with the results from the LIDAR observation. Although limitation in the current modelling of vertical structure of aerosols exists for aerosol layers above PBL, the results are promising to assess aerosol profile without high-cost instruments.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 1994

The strength of vertical joints of precast concrete large panel structures depends on the many factors, such as the bond strength of grout concrete (or mortar), the interlocking of the shear keys, the dowel action of horizontal bars. Many experimental studies have been conducted to in vestigate the shear strength of the vertical joints. In domestic, a few design formulas to predict shear strength of the vertical joint were proposed by some investigators, but formulas were based on limited experimental results. The objective of this paper is to propose a suitable formula for the shear strength of vertical joints with 94 vertical joints experimental data using the modified Mohr-Coulomb's 4ield theory and regression analysis. From the comparison of the proposed formula with others, it is shown that the proposed formula can be used economically for the design of vertical joints.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.153-160
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• 2009

A hierarchical network between Mobile-WiMAX and WLAN systems is to make it possible to utilize wireless internet services including time sensitive applications such as VoIP, VOD, visual telephony etc. During the process of vertical handoff decision from Mobile-WiMAX to WLAN hotspot, vertical handoff delay causes user dissatisfaction because it doesn't provide the seamless wireless internet service. We make use of type of service (ToS) parameters in IEEE 802.16e specification as the criterion parameter of vertical handoff decision process in hierarchical Mobile-WiMAX/WLAN networks. In this paper, we propose the process of vertical handoff decision for seamless wireless internet service which is sensitive to time delay. If type of service is time sensitive application, the decision of vertical handoff is withdrawn until the service is terminated. In focus on user satisfaction, if the proposed traffic management strategy in hierarchical Mobile-WiMAX/WLAN networks is used, user will utilize seamless wireless internet services including time sensitive applications.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.5764-5769
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• 2012

Business relationships can be divided in vertical and horizontal relationships. Vertical relations, such as the relation to suppliers and contractors, are of great importance and often determine a firms success. In general, many scholars produced numerous models of business relationships covering with a wide array of variables. However, models with a focus on vertical relationship did not receive much attention. This paper deals with problems related to vertical relationships and a the business model paying special attention to vertical relationships is developed. Vertical relationships span over a wide range of industries, including industrial electronics and automotive firms. In Chapter 2, the theoretical approach needed to develop a process model to examine the vertical relationships is developed. Chapter 3 features core findings about business relationships. Chapter 4 deals with vertical relationships as developed between the core business process model. Finally, Chapter 5 of the study covers limitations and future research directions.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-5
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• 2013

In this paper, we present a conversion algorithm of the oblique ionogram obtained from Jeju and Icheon to the equivalent vertical ionogram of the path mid-point, based on some equivalence theorems between the vertical sounding and the oblique sounding for the ionosphere. And in order to verify the conversion algorithm under the condition of no vertical ionosonde at the mid-point on the test path, the equivalent vertical ionograms are compared to the real vertical ionograms measured adjacently in space-time. The comparison results show that the conversion algorithm performs well for the short-path oblique ionogram and the equivalent vertical ionograms could be applied to get the electron density profiles at the mid-point.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.505-513
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• 2007

Vertical handoff is a new type of handoff in wireless networks. It is issued when a mobile node moves over overlapping wireless networks with each proving a different access bandwidth, transmission latency, and coverage. By issuing the vertical handoff, the mobile node can obtain better network bandwidth. In the sense of TCP throughput, however, the vertical handoff does not always produce positive performance gain, so sometimes it is better for the mobile node to stay at lower bandwidth providing network rather than to select and move to higher bandwidth providing network. In this paper, we analyze TCP throughput for vertical handoff, and propose a new handoff decision scheme which can estimate TCP throughput at the moment of vertical handoff. Based on the estimation, a mobile node can decide to issue vertical handoff to produce better TCP throughput, and we verify the results by simulations.