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The Causes of Conflict and the Effect of Control Mechanisms on Conflict Resolution between Manufacturer and Supplier (제조-공급자간 갈등 원인과 거래조정 방식의 갈등관리 효과)

  • Rhee, Jin Hwa
    • Journal of Distribution Research
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.55-80
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    • 2012
  • I. Introduction Developing the relationships between companies is very important issue to ensure a competitive advantage in today's business environment (Bleeke & Ernst 1991; Mohr & Spekman 1994; Powell 1990). Partnerships between companies are based on having same goals, pursuing mutual understanding, and having a professional level of interdependence. By having such a partnerships and cooperative efforts between companies, they will achieve efficiency and effectiveness of their business (Mohr and Spekman, 1994). However, it is difficult to expect these ideal results only in the B2B corporate transaction. According to agency theory which is the well-accepted theory in various fields of business strategy, organization, and marketing, the two independent companies have fundamentally different corporate purposes. Also there is a higher chance of developing opportunism and conflict due to natures of human(organization), such as self-interest, bounded rationality, risk aversion, and environment factor as imbalance of information (Eisenhardt 1989). That is, especially partnerships between principal(or buyer) and agent(or supplier) of companies within supply chain, the business contract itself will not provide competitive advantage. But managing partnership between companies is the key to success. Therefore, managing partnership between manufacturer and supplier, and finding causes of conflict are essential to improve B2B performance. In conclusion, based on prior researches and Agency theory, this study will clarify how business hazards cause conflicts on supply chain and then identify how developed conflicts have been managed by two control mechanisms. II. Research model III. Method In order to validate our research model, this study gathered questionnaires from small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs). In Korea, SMEs mean the firms whose employee is under 300 and capital is under 8 billion won(about 7.2 million dollar). We asked the manufacturer's perception about the relationship with the biggest supplier, and our key informants are denied to a person responsible for buying(ex)CEO, executives, managers of purchasing department, and so on). In detail, we contact by telephone to our initial sample(about 1,200 firms) and introduce our research motivation and send our questionnaires by e-mail, mail, and direct survey. Finally we received 361 data and eliminate 32 inappropriate questionnaires. We use 329 manufactures' data on analysis. The purpose of this study is to identify the anticipant role of business hazard (environmental dynamism, asset specificity) and investigate the moderating effect of control mechanism(formal control, social control) on conflict-performance relationship. To find out moderating effect of control methods, we need to compare the regression weight between low versus. high group(about level of exercised control methods). Therefore we choose the structural equation modeling method that is proper to do multi-group analysis. The data analysis is performed by AMOS 17.0 software, and model fits are good statically (CMIN/DF=1.982, p<.000, CFI=.936, IFI=.937, RMSEA=.056). IV. Result V. Discussion Results show that the higher environmental dynamism and asset specificity(on particular supplier) buyer(manufacturer) has, the more B2B conflict exists. And this conflict affect relationship quality and financial outcomes negatively. In addition, social control and formal control could weaken the negative effect of conflict on relationship quality significantly. However, unlikely to assure conflict resolution effect of control mechanisms on relationship quality, financial outcomes are changed by neither social control nor formal control. We could explain this results with the characteristics of our sample, SMEs(Small and Medium sized Enterprises). Financial outcomes of these SMEs(manufacturer or principal) are affected by their customer(usually major company) more easily than their supplier(or agent). And, in recent few years, most of companies have suffered from financial problems because of global economic recession. It means that it is hard to evaluate the contribution of supplier(agent). Therefore we also support the suggestion of Gladstein(1984), Poppo & Zenger(2002) that relational performance variable can capture the focal outcomes of relationship(exchange) better than financial performance variable. This study has some implications that it tests the sources of conflict and investigates the effect of resolution methods of B2B conflict empirically. And, especially, it finds out the significant moderating effect of formal control which past B2B management studies have ignored in Korea.

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Bronchial Brushing and Bronchial Washing for Diagnosis of Central Lung Cancer (중심형 폐암 진단을 위한 기관지찰과술과 기관지세척술)

  • Park, Ki-Su;Park, Jae-Yong;Cha, Seung-Ick;Son, Ji-Woong;Kim, Kwan-Young;Kim, Jeong-Seok;Chae, Sang-Cheol;Kang, Tae-Kyong;Park, Tae-In;Kim, Chang-Ho;Jung, Tae-Hoon
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.46 no.6
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    • pp.817-825
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    • 1999
  • Background : Forceps biopsy, bronchial brushing, and bronchial washing are used in conjunction with bronchoscopy to provide specimens for histologic and cytologic analysis in patients with suspected lung cancer. This study was performed to evaluate how many times brushing should be done and how much fluid should be used during bronchial washing for increasing diagnostic yield, and to evaluate which combination of these procedures gives the highest diagnostic yield. Methods : Forty patients, with suspected lung cancer, who had bronchoscopically visible lesions were enrolled in this prospective study. During one bronchoscopic examination four forceps biopsies, four bronchial brushings, and bronchial washing were done in all patients. The patients were divided into four groups by the amount of normal saline used for bronchial washing; group I, 10 ml ; group II, 20ml ; group III 30ml, and group IV, 40ml. We analyzed the results in 36 patients confirmed as lung cancer. Results : The diagnostic sensitivity of bronchial washing before and after forceps biopsy and bronchial brushing were 36% and 28%, respectively. The cumulative diagnostic sensitivity of bronchial washing was 47% and significantly higher than that of bronchial washing before or after forceps biopsy and bronchial brushing (p<0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity of bronchial washing with saline of 30ml was significantly higher than that of bronchial washing with saline of 10ml or 20ml (p<0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity of the first brushing was 75%, the second brushing 78%, the third brushing 83%, and the fourth brushing 67%. With repeated brushing up to three times, the diagnostic sensitivity increased to 92% (p<0.05). However, inclusion of the fourth brushing did not give a further increase of the diagnostic sensitivity. The diagnostic sensitivity of forceps biopsy was 86%. The diagnostic sensitivities of forceps biopsy by the type of bronchial lesion were as follows: tumor, 88%; infiltration, 67%; infiltration with nodularity, 80%; and collapse, 100%. The combination of forceps biopsy and bronchial washing gave a diagnostic sensitivity of 89%. The diagnostic sensitivity of combining forceps biopsy with bronchial brushing was 97%. Addition of bronchial washing did not increase the diagnostic yield over forceps biopsy and bronchial brushing. Conclusion : In patients with central lung cancer, forceps biopsies and repeated brushings up to three times should be done for maximal diagnostic yield.

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Cosmetic Results of Conservative Treatment for Early Breast Cancer (조기유방암에서 유방보존수술 및 방사선치료후의 미용적 결과)

  • Kim Bo Kyoung;Shin Seong Soo;Kim Seong Deok;Ha Sung Whan;Noh Dong-Young
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.21-26
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    • 2001
  • Purpose : This study was peformed to evaluate the cosmetic outcome of conservative treatment for early breast cancer and to analyze the factors influencing cosmetic outcome. Materials and Methods : From February 1992 through January 1997, 120 patients with early breast cancer were treated with conservative surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. The types of conservative surgery were quadrantectomy and axillary node dissection for 108 patients $(90\%)$ and lumpectomy or excisional biopsy for 10 patients $(8.3\%)$. Forty six patients $(38\%)$ received adjuvant chemotherapy (CMF or CAF). Cosmetic result evaluation was carried out between 16 and 74 months (median, 33 months) after surgery. The cosmetic results were classified into four categories, i.e., excellent, good, fair, and poor. The appearances of the patients' breasts were also analyzed for symmetry using the differences in distances from the sternal notch to right and left nipples. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent variables influencing the cosmetic outcome. Results : Cosmetic score was excellent or good in $76\%$ (91/120), fair in $19\%$ (23/120) and poor in $5\%$ (6/120) of the patients. Univariate analysis showed that tumor size (T1 versus T2) (p=0.04), axillary node status (N0 versus N1) (p=0.0002), extent of surgery (quadrantectomy versus lumpectomy or excisional biopsy) (p=0.02), axillary node irradiation (p=0.0005) and chemotherapy (p=0.0001) affected cosmetic score. Multivariate analysis revealed that extent of surgery (p=0.04) and chemotherapy (p=0.0002) were significant factors. For breast symmetry, univariate analysis confirmed exactly the same factors as above. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size (p=0.003) and lymph node status (p=0.007) affected breast symmetry. Conclusion : Conservative surgery and postoperative radiotherapy resulted in excellent or good cosmetic outcome in a large portion of the patients. Better cosmetic results were achieved generally in the group of patients with smaller tumor size, without axillary node metastasis and treated with less extensive surgery without chemotherapy.

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Studies on Takju Brewing with Potatoes (감자를 이용(利用)한 탁주제조(濁酒製造)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, S.Y.;Oh, M.J.;Kim, C.J.
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.81-92
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    • 1974
  • In order to prepare the mashing materials for 'Takju', Korean wine, with potatoes, theywere steamed, dryed, and pulverized, and their chemical components were analyzed. As a brewing method of Takju with potatoes, general 2nd stage process with Ipkuk and Bunkuk (enzyme sources), commonly used now, was carried out and the effects of preparing conditions of Ipkuk(koji) with potato flour, mashing materials and brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mash, and of storing time on the contents of Takju, were investigated and the results obtained were summarized as follows, 1. Chemical components of steamed potatoes and potato flour were Moisture; 76.2, 10.8%, Total sugar; 16.1, 69.8%, Reducing sugar; 3.45, 13.4%, Crude protein; 2.1, 11.3%, Total acid; 0.012, 0.023% and Volatile acid; 0.0012, 0.0025% respectively. 2. The most effective preparing conditions of Ipkuk with potato flour were to incubate the potato flour added 40-50% of water for 48 hours by general preparing process of Koji, and liquefying and saccharogenic amylase activities of Ipkuk incubated at above conditions were $D40^{\circ}$ 30' 128 W.V. and 13.2 A.U.. 3. The effects of various brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mashes were as follows; 1) Optimum ratio of mashing water and materials for Takju brewing with potato flour was 140ml of water to 60g of flour in 1st stage and 260ml to 140g in 2nd stage. 2) Optimum fermentating times and temperatures for Takju brewing were at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 1st stage and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 2nd stage. 3) Optimum amounts of enzyme sources for Takju brewing were 20-30% of Ipkuk and 0.5% of Bunkuk in 1st stage and 1.0% of Bunkuk in 2nd stage. 4) Methanol content of the Takju mash brewed with raw potato flour was much more than that with steamed potato flour. 5) Alcohol, fusel oil and Formol nitrogen contents of the Takju mash brewed with potato flour were less than that with wheat flour, on the contrary, methanol contents and total acidifies of them were showed conversely above. 4. The changes of chemical components and microflora in the mashes during the brewing potato flour Takju were as follows; 1) The accumulation of ethanol followed rapidly in early stage, being the highest at 72 hours (11.9%). 2) Total sugar content of the mash was decreased considerably within 48-72 hours, being 2.62% at 72 hours, and thereafter slowly. 3) Reducing sugar of the mash had a tendency of decreasing, being 0.29% at 48 hours. 4) Total acidity, volatile acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the mash were increased slowly, being 7.30, 0.20, 2.55 at 48 hours. 5) Total cells of yeast appeared the highest in 72 hours ($2.1{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6) Total cells of bacteria appeared the highest in 48 hours ($2.4{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased or increased slightly. 5. Takju was made from the fermented mash mixed with water to be 6% of alcohol content, and the change of alcohol content, total acidity, total cells of yeast and bacteria during the storing at $30^{\circ}C$ were as follows; 1) Alcohol content of Takju was increased slightly at 24 hours (6.2%), and thereafter decreased slowly. 2) Total acidity of Takju was increased gradually, being 6.1 at 72 hours 3) Total cells of yeast and bacteria appeared the highest at 48 hours ($2.3{\times}10^8,\;1.5{\times}10^8$), and thereafter decreased slowly. 6. Alcohol content, total acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the Takju brewed with potato flour Ipkuk or wheat flour Ipkuk and steamed potatoes(1:5) were 9.8-11.3%, 5.8-7.4, 2.5-3.3 respectively, and the color of the Takju. was similar to commercial Takju. 7. The results of sensory test for various experimental Takju, showed that the Takjues brewed with the materials combined with wheat flour and steamed potatoes(4:5 or 3.5:7.5) were not significantly different in color, taste and flavor from commercial Takju, However, those with potato flour and wheat flour (1:1 or 7:3) were significantly different from commercial Takju.

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The Main Contents and Task in Future for the Air Transport Law Established Newly in the Korean Revised Commercial Law

  • Kim, Doo-Hwan
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.75-101
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    • 2012
  • As the Reublic of Korea revised the Commercial Code including 40 articles of air transport enacted newly on May 23, 2011, so Korea became first legislative examples in the Commercial Code of the developed and developing countries. I would like to explain briefly the main contents of my paper such as (1) history of enacting newly Part VI (air transport) in the Korea's revised commercial law, (2) legal background enacting newly Part VI (air transport) in the Korea's revised commercial law and the problems on the conditions of air transport, (3) every countries' legislative examples on the civil liability of aircraft's operator, (4) unlawful Interference Convention and general risk convention of 2009, (5) main contents and prospects of the revised Commercial Code for the liability of aircraft's operator etc as the followings. Meanwhile as the Aviation Act, Commercial Code and Civil Code in Korea and Japan did not regulated at all the legal basis of solution on the disputes between victims and offender for the amount of compensation for damage due to personal or property damage caused by aircraft accidents in Korea and Japan, so it has been raised many legal problems such as protection of victims, standard of decision in trial in the event of aircraft accident's lawsuit case. But the Korean Revised Commercial Code including Part VI, air transport regulations was passed by the majority resolution of the Korean National Assembly on April 29, 2011 and then the South Korean government proclaimed it on May 23 same year. The Revised Commercial Code enforced into tothe territory of the South Korea from November 24, 2011 after six month of the proclaimed date by the Korean Government. Thus, though Korean Commercial Code regulated concretely and respectively the legal relations on the liability of compensation for damage in the contract of transport by land in it's Part II (commercial activities) and in the contract of transport by sea in its Part V (marine commerce), but the Amended Commercial Act regulated newly 40 articles in it's Part VI (air transport) relating to the air carrier's contract liability on the compensation for damage caused by aircraft accidents in the air passengers and goods transport and aircraft operator's tort liability on compensation for damage caused by the sudden falling or collision of aircraft to third parties on the surface and so it was equipped with reasonable and unified system among the transport by land, marine and air. The ICAO adopted two new air law conventions setting out international compensation and liability rules for damage caused by aircraft to third parties at a diplomatic conference hosted by it from April 20 to May 2, 2009. The fight against the effects of terrorism and the improvement of the status of victims in the event of damage to third parties that may result either from acts of unlawful interference involving aircraft or caused by ordinary operation of aircraft, forms the cornerstone of the two conventions. One legal instrument adopted by the Conference is "the Convention on Compensation for Damage to Third Parties, Resulting from Acts of Unlawful Interference Involving Aircraft" (Unlawful Interference Convention). The other instrument, "the Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties" (General Risk Convention), modernizes the current legal framework provided for under the 1952 Rome Convention and related Protocol of 1978. It is desirable for us to ratify quickly the abovementioned two conventions such as Unlawful Interference Convention and General Risk Convention in order to settle reasonably and justly as well as the protection of the South Korean peoples.

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A Study on Fast Iris Detection for Iris Recognition in Mobile Phone (휴대폰에서의 홍채인식을 위한 고속 홍채검출에 관한 연구)

  • Park Hyun-Ae;Park Kang-Ryoung
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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    • v.43 no.2 s.308
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    • pp.19-29
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    • 2006
  • As the security of personal information is becoming more important in mobile phones, we are starting to apply iris recognition technology to these devices. In conventional iris recognition, magnified iris images are required. For that, it has been necessary to use large magnified zoom & focus lens camera to capture images, but due to the requirement about low size and cost of mobile phones, the zoom & focus lens are difficult to be used. However, with rapid developments and multimedia convergence trends in mobile phones, more and more companies have built mega-pixel cameras into their mobile phones. These devices make it possible to capture a magnified iris image without zoom & focus lens. Although facial images are captured far away from the user using a mega-pixel camera, the captured iris region possesses sufficient pixel information for iris recognition. However, in this case, the eye region should be detected for accurate iris recognition in facial images. So, we propose a new fast iris detection method, which is appropriate for mobile phones based on corneal specular reflection. To detect specular reflection robustly, we propose the theoretical background of estimating the size and brightness of specular reflection based on eye, camera and illuminator models. In addition, we use the successive On/Off scheme of the illuminator to detect the optical/motion blurring and sunlight effect on input image. Experimental results show that total processing time(detecting iris region) is on average 65ms on a Samsung SCH-S2300 (with 150MHz ARM 9 CPU) mobile phone. The rate of correct iris detection is 99% (about indoor images) and 98.5% (about outdoor images).

Clonal Variation in Female Flowering of Larix leptolepis (낙엽송 클론의 암꽃 개화량 변이)

  • Kim, In-Sik;Kim, Jong-Han;Kang, Jin-Taek;Lee, Byung-Sil
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.1-4
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    • 2008
  • The clonal variation in female flowering was studied in Larix leptolepis clone bank, consisting of 116 clones, for three years. The between-year variation was large; i.e. the percentage of flowering grafts and average number of flowering per graft were $28.4{\sim}67.2$ and $9{\sim}176$, respectively. Differences in flowering abundance among clones were large and statistically significant in all the years studied. The variance of flowering abundance among clones was increased when flowering was poor. The average of broad-sense heritability of flowering abundance was 0.52. The genetic gain(%G) was estimated at 57.4% when the upper 30% clones were selected. The clonal stability of flowering abundance was compared using average number of flowering and coefficient of variance value of each clone. The clones such as Gyeonggi 9(29), Kangwon 37(137), Chungnam 6(46), Chungnam 14(414), R11, R8 showed abundant flowering and high stability.

The Significance of Registration Convention and its Future Challenges in Space Law (등록협약의 우주법상 의의와 미래과제에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Han-Taek
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.375-402
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    • 2020
  • The adoption and entering into force of the Registration Convention was another achievement in expanding and strengthening the corpus iuris spatialis. It was the fourth treaty negotiated by the member states of the UNCOPUOS and it elaborates further Articles 5 and 8 of the Outer Space Treaty(OST). The Registration Convention also complements and strengthens the Article 11 of the OST, which stipulates an obligation of state parties to inform the UN Secretary-General of the nature, conduct, locations, and results of their space activities in order to promote international cooperation. The prevailing purposes of the Registration Convention is the clarification of "jurisdiction and control" as a comprehensive concept mentioned in Article 5 8 of the OST. In addition to its overriding objective, the Registration Convention also contributes to the promotion and the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Establishing and maintaining a public register reduces the possibility of the existence of unidentified space objects and thereby lowers the risk such as, for example, putting the weapons of mass destruction secretly into orbit. And furthermore it could serve for a better space traffic management. The Registration Convention is a treaty established to implement Article 5 of OST for the rescue and return of astronaut in more detail. In this respect, if OST is a general law, the Registration Convention would be said to be in a special law. If two laws conflict the principle of lex specialis will be applied. Countries that have not joined the Registration Convention will have to follow the rules concerning the registration of paragraph 7 of the Declaration by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 1721 (X V I) in 1961. UN Resolution 1721 (XVI) is essentially non-binding, but appears to have evolved into the norm of customary international law requiring all States launching space objects into orbit or beyond to promptly provide information about their launchings for registration to the United Nations. However, the nature and scope of the information to be supplied is left to the discretion of the notifying State. The Registration Convention is a treaty created for compulsory registration of space objects by nations, but in reality it is a treaty that does not deviate from existing practice because it is based on voluntary registration. With the situation of dealing with new problems due to the commercialization and privatization of the space market, issues related to the definition of a 'space object', including matter of the registry state of new state that purchased space objects and space debris matter caused by the suspension of space objects launched by the registry state should be considered as matters when amendments, additional protocols or new Registration Convention are established. Also the question of registration of a flight vehicle in the commercial space market using a space vehicle traveling in a sub-orbital in a short time should be considered.

The effects of Galgŭnhaegit'ang and Won's-Galgŭnhaegit'ang for Taeŭmin on the immune response (태음인(太陰人) 갈근해기탕(葛根解肌湯)과 원특상(元特上)의 갈근해기탕(葛根解肌湯)이 면역반응(免疫反應)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Park, Seong-Sik;Ko, Byung-Hee;Song, Il-Byung
    • Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.315-337
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    • 1997
  • In order to compare the dffects of $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$(葛根解肌湯) of "Dongeuisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)and Won's(元)-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$(葛根解肌湯) of "Dongeuisasansinpyun(東醫四象新編)" on the immune respone, Sprague-Dawley male rats were used and randomly divided into four groups. Normal group was under normal condition, Control group was injected i.v. with 2mg/kg Methotrexate(MTX) on the 9th day and 11th day after sensitization with SRBC on the 5th day, $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group was fed with 1ml of $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ and Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group was fed with 1ml of Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ by oral during eighteen days. In the 9th day and the 11th day after oral feeding with medication, MTX was injected in tail of rats in order to reduce immune function. Leukocyte count, lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte count of spleen, lymphocyte count of bone marrow, contact hypersensitivity to DNFB, morphologic change of thymus cell, and electropherogram of serum protein were estimated and compared according to the group. The results are as follows : 1. Before and after MTX injection, leukocyte(WBC) count was increased signigicantly in Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group compared to control group. $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group had no significant difference compared to control group. 2. Before and after MTX injection, lymphocyte ratio was not significantly different in Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group and in $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group compared to control group. 3. The lymphocyte count of spleen was increased significantly in $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group compared to control group and Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group. Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group had no significant difference compared to control group. 4. The lymphocyte count of bone marrow was increased significantly in Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group compared to control group and $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group. $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group had no significant difference compared to control group. 5. Contact hypersensitivity was increased significantly in Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group compared to other group. $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group had no significant difference compared to control groups. 6. In the morphologic change of thymus cell, control group compared to normal group had a indistinct boundary between cortex and medulla and lymphocyte cell density of thymus was low. $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group and Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group compared to control group had a definite boundary between cortex and medulla and lymphocyte cell density of thymus was high. 7. In the SDS-PAGE electropherogram of serum protein, Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group had a wide band of nearby 25,000 Dalton, and which meant IgG generated more actively. Considering this results, $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group and Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group have an effect on the depression of immune function induced by MTX, and especially Won's-$Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group has an significant effect than $Galg{\breve{u}}nhaegit'ang$ group.

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Assessment of Natural Environment - II. Based on the Plant Taxa of the Natural Parks and Ulleung island- (자연환경 평가 -II. 국내 자연공원과 울릉도의 식물군을 이용하여-)

  • 김철환;이희천
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.49-58
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    • 2001
  • This study aims to compare and analyze the environment of natural parks and Ulleung island using the plant taxa classified by five degrees based on their distributional ranges. The scores differentially given based on the importance of each degree; taxa belonging to the fifth degree are given to 20 scores each, fourth 10, third 5, second 3.3, and first 2.5, respectively. The total assessed scores were ranked as Mt. Halla, Seorak, Jiri, Deokyu, Is. Ulleung, Mt. Sobaek, Odae, Palgong, Chink, Taebaek, Songni, Juwang, Gaya, Duryun, Gaeryong, Bukhan, Naebyeon, Worak, Naejang, Cheongryang, Naeyeon, Myeongii, Jokye, Mudeung, Wolchul, Geumo, Juheul, Biseul, Hwangmae, Jangan, Seonun, Moak, Seonam, Chilgap, and Gibaek, in order, respectively. It is suggested that the natural environments assessing more than 1,000 of total scores such as Mt. Halla and Mt. Deokyu are regarded as the most excellent ones, and those between 700 to 1,000 of total scores such as Is. Ulleung and Mt. Odae are regarded as relatively excellent ones. Natural parks scored between 500 to 700 such as Mt. Palgong and Mt. Gaya are regarded as good ones and parks scored between 300 to 500 such as Mt. Duryun and Mt. Mudeung are regarded as normal ones. The area assessed less than 300 of total scores such as Mt. Wolchul and Mt. Gibaek are regarded as the most inferior ones. The total scores of the national parks are generally higher than those of the provincial and county parks. In addition, Ulleung island has a total of 882.9 scores. Therefore, according to the IUCN the Ulleung island should be included in the criterion of the preservative model of natural ecosystem, suggested by Ministry of Environment. At the same time, Ulleung island should be included to the superior model of natural scenery resources by its uniqueness of topography, geography and natural environments. Ulleung island is assessed as having relatively excellent natural environments as compared with other national parks, suggesting that the island should be designated as a new national park.

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