• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.328-336
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• 2014

Anticholinergic drugs are included in the efficacy group of various antidepressants, antihistamines, antispasmodics like skeletal muscle relaxants. Elderly patients are often taking anticholinergic drugs due to various diseases such as sleep disorders and dysuria. But the use of anticholinergic drugs is restricted in guidelines such as Beers Criteria or STOPP due to the anticholinergic adverse effects including dry mouth, constipation, difficult urination, delirium, hallucinations and especially cognitive impairment. In this study, we investigated the usage of anticholinergic drugs in out-of-hospital prescription of 4,442 elderly patients. Results of the study were obtained that 32% (n=1,421) of overall patients were prescribed with 1~6 products (average 1.37) of anticholinergic drugs. 70.9% of the 1,421 patients (n=1,007) were prescribed with one drug, 22.7% (n=323) were two drugs and 4.9% (n=70) were three drugs. 27.1% of the 1,421 patients (n=430) were 70~74 years old patients who were the most commonly prescribed with anticholinergic drugs. Amitriptyline, chlorpheniramine, dimenhydrinate and quetiapine were most frequent component of ACB Score 3 drugs and amantadine, baclofen, carbamazepine, cyproheptadine and oxcarbazepine were most frequent of ACB Score 2 drugs. Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS) of individual patients presented one point (48.5%, n=689), 2 points (15.4%, n=219), more than 3 points (36.1%, n=513), and up to maximum 12 point (n=1). More than 2 points were more than half (51.5%, n=732). Therefore, additional prospective study in the use and adverse effects of anticholinergic drugs for elderly patients will be required. And national management such as DUR program will be required for elderly drug administration from now on.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.192-202
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• 2021

In the past, various studies have been conducted on safety facility installation standards and road safety indices. But there are limitations in applying them to the field, such as using many survey items and variables that are difficult to use. Therefore, this study attempted to develop road safety judgment indicators considering the applicability of the research results and to prepare criteria for installing safety facilities. As part of the study, data of related systems were reviewed, and the use of variables already in use was figured out. Furthermore, the road safety judgment indicators reflecting traffic, road, and accident factors were developed through correlation and factor analysis. Later, the criteria score for determining the installation of safety facilities was derived through cluster analysis. The analyses suggested, that the installation judgment criterion score at the intersection was lower than that of the single road(crosswalk), and the road risk at the intersection was higher.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.845-851
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• 2003

The objective is to establish the standard of criteria for differential diagnosis of signs and symptoms. This study selected signs and symptoms related to heart which stands for Fire(火) as a kind of five phase(五行). Eleven experts was asked to evaluate the adequateness of criteria which was developed by Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine(KIOM) and to suggest the amendment of them. To implement the study, we used the questionnaire which asks about the diagnosis criteria for an insufficiency of the heart-qi(心氣虛證), deficiency of the heart blood(心血氣證), deficiency of the heart-yin(心陰虛證), insufficiency of the heart-yang(心陽虛證), exuberant fire due to hyperactivity of the heart(心火亢盛證), stagnation of the heart blood(心血瘀阻證), heart disturbed by phlegm-fire(痰火擾心證), attack of the heart by retainedfluid(水氣凌心證). Every criteria consists of primary symptoms, secondary symptoms, tongue findings. and pulse findings. In perspectives of the classification of patterns for signs and symptoms and criteria for diagnosis, the result shows that the previous standard doesn't have so many problem. So many of experts were agree with the criteria which was suggested but the trend is that they use, in their actual practice, less than the criteria. Additionally, they pointed that every element in a criterion should have the different weight value, criteria for the overlapped pattern should be added, and, in future, criteria which are based on clinical investigation should be established.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-15
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine utilization of alternative therapies and understand decisional criteria related to use of alternative therapies among chemotherapy patients. Method: Data were collected from 165 cancer patients through the use of questionnaire and interviews at the chemotherapy treatment rooms of two general hospitals located in Seoul. Result: Sixty point six percent of subjects after cancer diagnosis have experience of using alternative therapies and 39.4% were still using alternative therapies. On the average the patients used alternative therapies for 9.4 months and they paid 483,000 Won per month for alternative therapies. Decisional criteria related to use of alternative therapy were curability, social group influence about alternative therapy, confidence in alternative therapy, present symptoms, and who decide on the use of alternative therapy. These variables in the alternative therapy group were statistically different from those of the hospital treatment only group. Conclusion: Utilization rate of alternative therapy among chemotherapy patients is high and cost burden is heavy. Thus, they need to be educated about utilization of alternative therapy by nurse and medical personnel.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.53-63
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• 1999

This study aims to develop a set of criteria for evaluating the sustainability of forest landuse, which could facilitate the environmentally friendly development of forest lands in Korea. The concept of sustainable development in forest landuse was reviewed from literature and by interviews with experts in forest-related fields. Delphi technique was employed for gathering experts' opinions. According to the results of Delphi test, the concept of sustainable development in forest landuse was confirmed as "Use of forest lands in a lasting manner within the carrying capacity of the ecosystem involved". There are 16 factors which should be considered with care when the development of forest lands is planned. They include the ratio of forest cover left undeveloped, ecological stability, and landscape naturalness. Among them are the ecological factors rated most important. The experts emphasized the importance of local characteristics in setting up the criteria for sustainable forestland development. The study did not attempted to apply the criteria to real settings. Therefore, before applications in real situations, further case studies should be made for the criteria to be safely used in landuse planning.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

Pathfinding for pedestrians provided by various navigation programs is based on a shortest path search algorithm. There is no big difference in their guide results, which makes the path quality more important. Multiple criteria should be included in the search cost to calculate the path quality, which is called a multi-criteria pathfinding. In this paper we propose a user adaptive pathfinding algorithm in which the cost function for a multi-criteria pathfinding is defined as a weighted sum of multiple criteria and the weights are learned automatically by Perceptron learning. Weight learning is implemented in two ways: short-term weight learning that reflects weight changes in real time as the user moves and long-term weight learning that updates the weights by the average value of the entire path after completing the movement. We use the weight update method with momentum for long-term weight learning, so that learning speed is improved and the learned weight can be stabilized. The proposed method is implemented as an app and is applied to various movement situations. The results show that customized pathfinding based on user preference can be obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.9
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• pp.150-161
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• 2010

In Korea, recent trends indicate an increase in the volume of the functional clothing market. This study investigated the evaluative criteria and information sources of functional clothing according to gender and age. A total of 756 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, MANOVA, and Duncan's test. The main effect of gender on the evaluative criteria and information sources of functional clothing was identified. Compared with male consumers, female consumers gave more importance to price and aesthetic criteria. Female consumers take advice from colleagues and companions, as well as use information obtained from mass media to a greater extent than male consumers. Age was seen to have an effect on evaluative criteria and information sources in purchasing functional clothing. Respondents in their forties and fifties took textile quality and durability more seriously. Information available on the Internet and following the dressing styles of celebrities were preferred by respondents in their twenties.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 2017

This study aims to investigate laws and standards(including technical guidelines) related to safety criteria for 22 kitchen machines frequently used in commercial kitchens. The study was based on literature survey, interviews with charge persons in kitchen machines manufacturing companies, cafeteria providing group meals and relevant association, and web surfing. The results showed that there are two types of safety criteria such as legally forced ones by laws and optional ones by national industrial standards or technical guidelines. High pressure safety control act, safety control and business of liquefied petroleum gas act and city gas business act prescribed gas use apparatus safety criteria, rational energy utilization act did those of pressure vessel such large rotary caldron, industrial health and safety act did those of food processing machinery, and electrical appliances safety control act did those of electrical kitchen appliances. Compulsory or optional standards or guidelines related to safety criteria for kitchen machines were presented by 22 kitchen machines. Safety devices shown in the laws, standards and guidelines were also summarized by kitchen machines and their risk factors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.39-49
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was 1) to segment the middle-aged and elderly women's fashion market based on the clothing benefits sought by the buyer and 2) to compare the purchase criteria and fashion information sources among the segmented markets. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire in Seoul and its surrounding suburban areas. Factor analysis, ANOVA, Duncan test, and Dunnett's T3 tests were used to conduct the data analysis from 285 out of 300 questionnaires. The middle-aged and elderly women's fashion market was segmented into four groups; value-oriented, social status/trend-oriented, uniqueness-oriented, and protection/ convenience-oriented. All four groups were significantly different in terms of purchase criteria and fashion information sources. The social status/trend-oriented group used external purchase criteria, such as country of origin or brand and obtained fashion information from personal experience, advice from the salesperson, and celebrities. The protection/convenience-oriented group sourced fashion information from newspapers, the internet, and the radio. The uniqueness-oriented group put less importance on practical use/convenience criteria. Marketing strategies for these segmented markets were discussed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.1224-1235
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• 2021

An integrated waste management approach for irradiated graphite was developed during the European Commission project 'Treatment and Disposal of Irradiated Graphite and other Carbonaceous Waste'. This included the identification of potential options for the management of irradiated graphite, taking account of storage, retrieval, treatment and disposal methods. This paper describes how these options can be assessed using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for a case study relating to a generic power reactor. Criteria have been defined to account for safety, environmental, economic and socio-political factors, including radiological impact, resource usage, economic costs and risks. The impact of each option against each criterion has been assessed using data from the project and the wider literature. A linear additive approach has been used to convert the calculated impacts to scores. To account for the relative importance of the criteria, example weightings were allocated. This application has shown that MCDA approaches can be used to support complex decisions regarding irradiated graphite management, accounting for a wide range of criteria. Use of this approach by individual countries or organisations will need to account for the specific options, scores, weightings and constraints that apply, based on their national strategies, regulatory requirements and public acceptability.