• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.178-187
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• 2016

Objectives: Diisocyanates are a potent inducer of diseases of the airways, especially asthma. In this study, toluenediamine(TDA) and methylenedianiline(MDA) in urine were evaluated as biomarkers of exposure to tolunenediisocyanate(TDI) and methylenediphenyl diisocyanate(MDI), respectively. Methods: Workers exposed to TDI and MDI, as well as non-occupationally exposed subjects, were studied and pre- and post-shift urine samples were collected from 8 control subjects and 8 workers from a factory which manufactures polyurethane products for reducing noise and vibration in automobiles. Airborne TDI and MDI(n=8) were sampled on solvent-free glass filters impregnated with n-butylamine and detected by liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Urinary TDA and MDA were detected as pentafluoropropionic acid anhydride(PFPA) derivatives by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The median levels of urinary 2,6-TDA(p<0.001), 2,4-TDA(p=0.001), and MDA(p<0.001) of workers in post-shift samples were significantly higher than those of controls. The median levels of urinary 2,6-0TDA($0.63{\mu}g/g$ creatinine vs $0.34{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, p=0.017) and MDA($4.21{\mu}g/g$ creatinine vs $3.18{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, p=0.017) of workers in post-shift samples were significantly higher than those of the pre-shift samples. There were significant correlations between the urinary 2,6-TDA, 2,4-TDA, and MDA of workers in post-shift samples and the airborne 2,6-TDI(rho=0.952, p<0.001), 2,4-TDI(rho=0.833, p=0.001), and MDI(rho=0.952, p<0.001). Conclusions: These urinary diamines, metabolites of diisocyanates, in post-shift samples were useful biomarkers to assess occupational exposure to diisocyanates.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.37-51
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• 1974

This Study was carried out to observe the effect of nutritional condition on the change of protein metabolism in the animal body by feeding on imbalanced protein diet. A total 242 growing male albino rats, weighing $115{\sim}120$ gm, were used for the experimental animals. The rats were fed on the standard diet(st), protein flee diet(pf) and imbalanced protein diet(ib) for twelve weeks respectively. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume in blood, and total nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, creatinine, transaminases(GPT, GOT) in liver and serum, and total nitrogen in small intestine, and total nitrogen, urea-nitrogen In small intestine, and total nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, creatinine, urea-nitrogen/creatinine ratio in urine were measured. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The gained body weight were lower in pf group and ib group than those of st group. The gained body weight fed for 12 weeks, were 80% lower in pf group than those of st group, and the body weight of pf group for $50{\sim}75$ days feeding were $40{\sim}60%$ decreased, compared with the stating weight, and then all of them died. 2. The change of the brain, liver, kidney, spleen and small intestine by feeding on imbalanced diet for 12 weeks were no remarkable difference with the starting weight, but those of protein free diet group were half or more decrease and those were significantly lower in spleen and small intestine especially than the other organ 3. The contents of hemoglobin in pf group for 8 weeks feeding, and the packed cell volume in pf group for 8 weeks feeding and in ib group for 12 weeks feeding were decreased. but those of the other feeding group were almost same value. 4. The total nitrogen in the liver, small intestine and serum of each diet group were no remarkable difference respectively. The contents of amino acid nitrogen in pf group for 2 and 6 weeks feeding were increased. 5. On transaminases: a) The cycle of increase and decrease of GPT activities were come periodically and the interval of cycle were fast in the early stage of feeding and slow there-after. b) The GPT activities were decreased gradually in pf group after feeding and those were increased in ib group for 6 weeks feeding but decreased there-after. The frequency of cycle were more GPT than GOT and specially those of GPT in early stage of feeding were two or three times while GOT was one. c) The interval of increase and decrease in GOT and amino acid nitrogen cycle were similar tendency. 6. The contents of total nitrogen, creatinine and urea-nitrogen of pf group in urine were decreased very sharply from sharting feeding to one week but increased dully from six weeks to eight weeks feeding. The contents of urea-nitrogen of ib group were increased dully by feeding on ten weeks but decreased by feeding on twelve weeks. From the above results, it is concluded that the trend of the metabolic change is maintained equally by homeostatic mechanism using the endogenous protein source during a certain period by imbalanced protein diet feeding. The homeostatic mechanism is come peridically, very fast in early stage of feeing and than slow there-after.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.375-382
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• 2008

갑상선암 환자의 방사성 요오드 치료를 위한 전 단계로 시행되는 저요오드식이는 표준화된 전처지 방법으로 사용되고 있고 그 시행방법에 관련된 권고들이 최근 생겨나고 있다. 한국은 상대적으로 요오드 섭취가 많은 지역이므로 권장된 요오드 배설 기준을 만족시키지 못할 수도 있다. 이 연구에서는 갑상선의 요오드 섭취를 억제시키는 약물의 제한, 조영제가 사용된 경우에서 최소 3개월 이후로 치료 일정을 정하기, 전담 영양사에 의한 2주간의 엄격한 저요오드식이 교육을 시행하였을 때, 식이 요오드섭취가 많은 한국 갑상선암 환자들에서 소변 요오드량이 적정 수준으로 감소하는 지에 대해 전향적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 2006년 11월부터 외부 병원에서 갑상선암 진단 후 갑상선 전절제술을 시행 받고, 잔여 갑상선 제거 목적으로 고용량 방사성요오들 치료를 위해 본 연구자들의 병원에 의뢰된 환자들 중 recombinant human thyrotropin 또는 levotriiodothyronine을 사용하는 경우를 제외한 환자들을 대상으로 하였다. 요오드 함유 약물이나 갑상선의 요오드 섭취를 제한할 수 있는 약물을 점검했고, 조영제가 사용된 경우 치료 일정을 최소 3개월 이후로 결정하였으며 전담 영양사에 의한 2주간의 엄격한 저요오드식이 교육을 시행하였다. 저요오드식이 전후로 24시간 소변 내 요오드량을 측정하여 비교하였다. 또한 소변 내 크레아티닌 수치를 이용해서 24시간 소변 채집이 보다 적절한 것으로 판단되는 하부군을 대상으로 24시간 소변 내 요오드량을 비교하였다. 결과: 총 51명이 최종 분석에 포함되었다. 모든 환자에서는 24시간 소변 요오드량이 저요오드식이 전후로 $787\;{\mu}g/d$에서 $85\;{\mu}g/d$로 감소가 되었고 74.4%에서 $100\;{\mu}g/d$ 이하의 결과를 보였다. 소변 채집이 보다 적절한 하부군 14례에서는 저요오드식이 전후로 $505\;{\mu}g/d$에서 $99\;{\mu}g/d$로 감소되었고 78.6%에서 $100\;{\mu}g/d$ 이하의 결과를 보였다. 결론: 갑상선암 환자들에서 잔여갑상선제거를 위한 방사성요오드 치료 전에 2주간의 엄격한 저요오드식이를 시행하여 전향적으로 분석했을 때 24 시간 소변 내 요오드량이 평균 $99\;{\mu}g/d$로 감소하였고, 78.6%에서 $100\;{\mu}g/d$이하의 값을 보였다. 따라서 식이 요오드섭취량이 많은 한국에서는 최소 2주 이상의 엄격한 저요오드식이가 고려되어야 하며, 환자의 순응도를 높이기 위한 체계적인 교육이 뒷받침되어야 한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate dietary concentrate:forage ratios (C:F) and undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in lambs. Four Dorper${\times}$thin-tailed Han crossbred castrated lambs with $62.3{\pm}1.9$ kg body weight at 10 months of age were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of two levels of C:F (40:60 and 60:40) and two levels of UDP (35% and 50% of CP), according to a complete $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design. Each experimental period lasted for 19 d. After a 7-d adaptation period, lambs were moved into individual metabolism crates for 12 d including 7 d of adaption and 5 d of metabolism trial. During the metabolism trial, total urine was collected for 24 h and spot urine samples were also collected at different times. Urinary PD was measured using a colorimetric method and creatinine was measured using an automated analyzer. Intake of dry matter (DM) (p<0.01) and organic matter (OM) (p<0.01) increased as the level of UDP decreased. Fecal N was not affected by dietary treatment (p>0.05) while urinary N increased as the level of UDP decreased (p<0.05), but decreased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention increased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). As dietary C:F increased, urinary excretion of PD increased (p<0.05), but was not affected by dietary UDP (p>0.05) or interaction between dietary treatments (p>0.05). Daily excretion of creatinine was not affected by dietary treatments (p<0.05), with an average value of $0.334{\times}0.005$ mmol/kg $BW^{0.75}$. A linear correlation was found between total PD excretion and PDC index ($R^2$ = 0.93). Concentrations of creatinine and PDC index in spot urine were unaffected by sampling time (p>0.05) and a good correlation was found between the PDC index (average value of three times) of spot urine and daily excretion of PD ($R^2$ = 0.88). These results suggest that for animals fed ad libitum, the PDC index in spot urine is effective to predict daily excretion of PD. In order to improve the accuracy of the spot sampling technique, an appropriate lag phase between the time of feeding and sampling should be determined so that the sampling time can coincide with the peak concentration of PD in the urine.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2022

소변검사 전 냉/해동 반복과 해동 과정에 따라 대표적인 임상 화학검사 측정값의 변화를 확인함으로써 소변검사의 안정성과 품질 개선방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 조사 대상자는 모두 건강한 남성 10명이었으며 이들의 소변 검체를 이용하여 냉/해동 안정성(freeze and thaw stability) 실험을 진행하였다. Micro-albumin과 Amylase의 경우 시간이 경과 됨에 따라 37℃에서는 통계적 유의성은 없었으나, 42℃와 60℃에서는 시간의 경과에 따른 결과가 통계적으로 유의한 변동이 있었고, BUN, Creatinine, Uric acid와 Glucose에서는 통계적으로 유의한 변동이 있었다. Long term의 안정성 결과, 7일이 지난 후에는 Glucose의 변이는 증가하였고, 60℃에서는 Amylase가 감소하는 양상을 보였다. Glucose와 Amylase의 경우 시간의 경과에 따른 결과가 통계적으로 유의한 변동이 있었다. 신뢰성 있는 검사결과를 얻기 위해서는 소변 시료의 채취, 보관 및 저장 등을 비롯한 요검사의 정확한 표준화가 필요하며 생체 물질별 안정성 확보를 위한 조건들의 체계적 연구가 필요하다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2023

본 연구는 한국 성인에서 요산 대 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤(uric acid to high density lipoprotein cholesterol, UA/HDL-C) 비율과 요 중 마이크로알부민 대 크레아티닌 비율(uACR)의 연관성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 2019년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 20세 이상 성인 5,845명을 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서 몇 가지 중요한 발견이 있었다. 첫째, 관련 변수(연령, 성별, 고혈압, 비만, 제2형 당뇨병 및 만성 신장 질환)를 조정한 후, UA/HDL-C ratio의 사분위수가 증가함에 따라 uACR수준이 증가하였다(P=0.002). 둘째, 관련 변수를 조정한 후, UA/HDL-C ratio의 사분위수 1 (Q1)과 비교하여 알부민뇨(uACR≥30.0 mg/g)의 odd ratio (OR)은 Q2(OR, 1.015; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.757~1.361)와 Q3 (OR, 1.090; 95% CI, 0.811~1.465)에서는 유의하지 않았다. 그러나 Q4 (OR, 1.416; 95% CI, 1.044~1.921)에서 알부민뇨의 발생률은 Q1에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 한국 성인에서 UA/HDL-C ratio는 알부민뇨와 양의 상관관계가 있었고, UA/HDL-C ratio는 대한민국 성인에서 알부민뇨를 평가하는 유용한 지표로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.66-78
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• 2010

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the possibility of AR for chronic renal injury. Methods : The author first investigated the expression levels of DNA by inducing of chronic renal injury. Then, the author investigated the effects of AR on chronic renal injury induced by combination treatment with Adriamycin and cisplatin in terms of changes in body weights and renal tissues, urine volume, BUN and creatinine levels, creatinine clearance and histopathological changes in renal tissues. Total expression levels of 546 genes were elevated or lowered by induction of chronic renal injury. Genes of which whose expression levels were elevated by induction of chronic renal injury were related to the PPAR signaling pathway and fatty acid mechanism, etc. Genes of which expression levels were lowered by induction of chronic renal injury were related to the neuroactive ligand-receptor signaling pathway. Results : Oral administration of AR restored renal mass which was reduced by induction of chronic renal injury. AR also restored creatinine clearance and lowered serum BUN level. In histopathological observation, the AR group has a tendency to prevent tissue damages as shown in the chronic renal injury group. Conclusions : AR can be used to treat patients with chronic renal injury although further study will be needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms in the efficacy of AR on chronic renal injury.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.467-477
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• 2017

Objectives: Oxidative stress and DNA damage have been proposed as mechanisms linking pesticide exposure to health effects such as cancer and neurological diseases. We investigated whether protective measures could significantly reduce the levels of biomarkers for oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers. Methods: In the present study, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), biomarkers related to oxidative stress and DNA damage, respectively, were analyzed in urine samples collected from agricultural workers in two provinces of Korea (n=60). The influence of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and performing protective behaviors on the levels of these two biomarkers was also evaluated. Results: The median urinary levels of MDA and 8-OHdG were 10.45 nmol/mg creatinine and 14.42 ng/mg creatinine in subjects living in region A, while they were 6.25 nmol/mg creatinine and 24.77 ng/mg creatinine in subjects living in region B, respectively. The levels of MDA and 8-OHdG were higher in male farmers. Farmers wearing greater numbers of PPE and performing more protective behaviors had significantly lower levels of MDA. Greater numbers of protective behaviors was significantly associated with lower levels of 8-OHdG. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that pesticide exposure could induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers, and that protective measures are important for mitigating pesticide exposure.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.144-152
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• 2007

Diesel vehicles are a significant source of fine carbon particle emissions including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is firmly established as a useful biomarker of PAHs uptake in human. To investigate the exposure effect of PAHs in miners according to using diesel truck which was for transportation of ore, we measured urinary 1-OHP as the PAHs exposure biomarker, and analyzed the relationship between urinary 1-OHP concentration and using diesel truck. The study was performed on 118 workers (56 miners in factories using diesel truck, 62 miners in factories non-using diesel truck) and 21 controls. Urine samples were obtained at the end of shift on the survey day. There was no significance in comparison with the mean concentrations on urinary 1-OHP by age, BMI, work duration, smoking, drinking and ventilation type. But significant difference were found among urinary 1-OHP concentrations on factories according to using diesel truck (p=0.000). The urinary 1-OHP mean concentration on underground miners using diesel truck ($0.54{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine) was higher than those of surface miners using diesel truck ($0.33{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, p=0.028), underground miners non-using diesel truck ($0.32{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, p=0.001) and controls ($0.22{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, p=0.000). In comparison with using status diesel truck, the urinary 1-OHP mean concentration of underground miners using diesel trucks was higher than those of other mine status. The study results would be beneficial to future environmental and biological studies of PAHs exposure to diesel exhaust in mines.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of urinary mercury and analyze which factors would affect urinary mercury concentration among dental hygienists in dental clinics. Methods: This study conducted by questionnaire and detection of urinary mercury concentration of 268 dental hygienists working in dental clinics from July to August of 2009. Data collected from two hundred and thirty-five dental hygienists were analyzed by the geometric mean (GM). Analytical results of urine samples with less than 0.3 g creatinine/L and greater than 3g creatinine/L were excluded from statistical analysis. Results: Urinary mercury concentration of 235 dental hygienists showed the geometric distribution. The arithmetic and geometric means of urinary mercury concentration were $0.996{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $0.755{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. From multiple regression analysis, the number of amalgam filling, the consumption frequency of raw fish and the number of amalgam handling in current workplace was revealed as increasing factors of urinary mercury concentration. Conclusions: The level of urinary mercury in dental hygienists was higher than in general Korean population. The number of amalgam filling, the consumption frequency of raw fish and the number of amalgam handling in current workplace was revealed as increasing factors of urinary mercury concentration. Therefore using resin materials instead of amalgam in dental clinics is highly desirable.