• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.863-875
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• 1996

In order to prepare the fundamental data for the health promotion by assessing the exposure level of styrene, the author determined the concentration of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine of 42 workers who were exposed to styrene by high performance liquid chromatography and surveyed 16 symptoms, by questionnaire and also tested neurobehavioral test(digit symbol, benton visual retention) in 2 FRP plants of Kyung Nam area from July to September, 1995. Control was sampled by age sex matching method. The concentration of styrene in air was determined by gas chromatography. The results were as follows; 1. Geometric mean concentration of styrene in air was 17.4ppm, geometric mean concentration of mandelic acid(MA) in urine were 404.3mg/g creatinine for exposure group, 46.4mg/g creatinine for control group, geometric mean concentration of phenylglyoxylic acid(PGA) in urine were 57.5mg/g creatinine for exposure group, 9.5mg/g creatinine for control group. Mean concentration of MA and PGA showed statistically significant difference between exposure group and control group(p<0.01). 2. Number of symptom were 2.9 for exposure group, 3.3 for control group, number of digit symbol were 24.1 for exposure group, 32.5 for control group, number of Benton visual retention test were 6.1 for exposure group, 6.0 for control group, respectively. As result of adjusting the education year, number of Benton visual retention test showed statistically significant difference between exposure group and control group(p<0.05). 3. Excellent correlation were observed between environmental styrene exposure and urinary MA(r=0.80), PGA(r=0.73), and MA+PGA(r=0.81).

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.36-36
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• 1999

From January 1994 to April 1997, there was 15 survivals who was admitted to the department of internal medicine, Wonkwang Oriental Medicine' Hospital in Cheun-ju, after ingestion of paraquat, and treated with Oriental and western medicine therapy. For the patients, I investigated clinical symptoms, gastroduodenoscopy, intake by oral and parenteral route, and output by urine and stool, serum ALP, AST. ALT, Bilirubin, BUN, Creatinine level and urine analysis. On admission day, the LFT level was as follows. The serum mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin was 10.05${\pm}$2.75 KAU, 66.67${\pm}$9.88 IU／L, 43.80${\pm}$7.74 IU／L, 1.89${\pm}$1.22 ㎎／dl and 1.10${\pm}$1.14 ㎎／dl respectively. After that day, administered Gamdutang and checked the mean LFT level regullary. Until the 3rd day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 11.0l${\pm}$3.16 KAU, 56.47${\pm}$7.19 IU／L, 59.00${\pm}$7.57 IU／L, 2.54${\pm}$1.78 ㎎／dl, 1.64${\pm}$1.59 ㎎／dl respectively. From 4th day to 7th day, the mean ALP; AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 12.51${\pm}$3.49 KAU, 77.85${\pm}$7.17 IU／L, 58.00${\pm}$9.09 IU／L, 2.54${\pm}$1.97 ㎎／dl, and 1.80${\pm}$1.81 ㎎／dl respectively. From 8th day to 10th day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 12.43${\pm}$3.14 KAU, 41.13${\pm}$6.49 IU／L, 50.40${\pm}$7.17 IU／L, 1.66${\pm}$1.90 ㎎／dl and 1.14${\pm}$1.50 ㎎／dl respectively. From 11th day to 14th day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 12.30${\pm}$3.25 KAU, 31.07${\pm}$3.85 IU／L, 43.33${\pm}$5.49 IU／L, 1.62${\pm}$1.95 ㎎／dl, 1.17${\pm}$1.71 ㎎／dl respectvely. On admission day, the mean RFT level as follows. Serum BUN and Creatinine level was 28.73${\pm}$5.19 ㎎／dl and 1.82${\pm}$1.27 ㎎／dl respectively. After that day, administered Gamdutang and checked the mean RFT level regullary. Until the 3rd day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 32.12${\pm}$5.65 ㎎／dl and 2.31${\pm}$0.45 ㎎／dl respectively. From 4th day to 7th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 31.07${\pm}$5.47 ㎎／dl and 1.92${\pm}$0.79 ㎎／dl respectively. From 7th day to 10th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 17.47${\pm}$3.57 ㎎／dl and 1.33${\pm}$0.59 ㎎／dl respectively. From 11th day to 14th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 11,93${\pm}$3.16 ㎎／dl, 1.27${\pm}$0.38 ㎎／dl respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1291-1297
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• 2006

The potential of the spot urine sampling technique as an alternative to performing a total urine collection to predict the microbial nitrogen supply was evaluated in crossbred bulls. In a completely randomized design, 20 growing crossbred bulls were assigned four levels of feed intake (120, 100, 80 and 60% of voluntary dry matter intake) on diets comprised of wheat straw and concentrate mixture (50:50). After three months of experimental feeding, a metabolism trial was conducted for ten days, during which spot urine collections were performed every 6 h post feeding on days 9 and 10. The daily urinary excretion of allantoin (A) and purine derivatives (PD) decreased with the reduction in feed intake while creatinine (C) excretion remained similar in animals fed at different levels. The microbial nitrogen (MN) supply calculated from the PD excreted in total urine (35.08 to 72.08 g/d) was higher at increased levels of feed intake. PD concentration in spot urine samples had poor correlation with feed intake except at 12 h post feeding. A/C ratio and PD/C ratio in spot urine samples remained similar irrespective of sampling time and significantly (p<0.01) correlated with daily urinary PD excretion, digestible organic matter intake and dry matter (DM) intake. However, no significant differences were evident in these ratios among animals fed at levels 120, 100 and 80% of voluntary dry matter intake (VDMI) at different times post feeding. These results suggests that the spot urine sampling technique to predict the microbial protein supply is not suitable for detecting small differences in MN supply and hence, estimation of PD excreted in total urine (mmol/d) is necessary to assess precisely the MN supply in crossbred bulls.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.27-39
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• 1990

원자력산업의 시설증대로 우라늄 오염의 가능성이 증가되고 있음에도 불구하고 종사자 및 국민에 대한 안전대책 및 의료적 처치에 관한 연구가 매우 미흡한 실정에 있어 이에 대한 응급처치방안을 수립코자 우라늄을 투여한 후 제염제를 투여하여 관찰하였던 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 우라늄오염에 의한 체중변화에 미치는 제염제의 영향에 있어서 sodium bicarbonate와 생리적 식염수를 병행투여한 군과 우라늄을 투여하고 30분이 지나서 dithiothreitol을 투여한 군에서는 우라늄단독투여군에 비해 체중이 현저하게 증가하였다.(P<0.05). 2. 모든 실험군은 우라늄오염에 의한 음수량과 배뇨량의 변화를 유의성 있게 호전시켰으며(P<0.05), 특히 sodium bicarbonate와 생리적 식염수를 병행투여한 군과 우라늄을 투여하고 30분이 지나서 dithiothreitol의 투여한 군이 가장 높은 증가경향을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 3. 우라늄오염에 의한 BUN농도 변화에 미치는 제염제의 효과는 sodium bicarbonate와 생리적 식염수를 병행투여한 군과 우라늄을 투여하고 30분이 지나서 dithiothreitol를 투여한 군이 공히 우라늄단독투여군보다 BUN 농도가 매우 감소되었다(P<0.01). 4. 우라늄을 투여하고 30분이 지나서 dithiothreitol를 투여한 군은 우라늄오염에 의한 serum creatinine의 농도증가를 유의하게 감소시켰으나 (P<0.01), sodium bicarbonate와 생리적 식염수를 병행투여한 군은 다소 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 5. 우라늄오염에 의한 urine creatinine농도 변화에 미치는 제염제의 효과에 있어서 sodium bicarbonate와 생리적 식염수를 병행투여한 군과 우라늄을 투여하고 30분이 지나서 dithiothreitol를 투여한 군에서는 우라늄단독투여군에 비해 cretinine의 배설이 상당히 증가하였다(P<0.05). 6. 우라늄오염에 의한 신장의 소견에 있어 우라늄단독투여군은 근위곡세뇨관상피의 공포화 및 종창, microvilli와 brush border의 손실, 세뇨관 상피의 괴사가 관찰되었으며, 간장의 충혈, 중심성 괴사 및 모세관 확장증도 관찰되었다. 그리고 sodium bicarbonate와 생리적 식염수를 병행투여한 군과 우라늄을 투여하고 30분이 지나서 dithiothreitol를 투여한 군에서는 우라늄 단독투여군에 비해 높은 방호효과가 관찰되었으나 다른 실험군에서는 큰 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 우라늄의 체내오염시에는 sodium bicarbonate와 생리적 식염수를 가능한 빨리 병행투여하거나 dithiothreitol을 체내오염후 30분이 지나서 투여하는 방법이 우라늄오염에 대한 제염에 매우 유효할 것으로 생각되며, 특히 우라늄에 의한 인체장해를 유의하게 경감시켜줄 것으로 사료되었다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.10-17
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• 1980

Gentamicin is useful to the Gram negative bacterial infection, but its nephrotoxicity is a serious problem and the incidence is probably increasing. The toxicity of gentamicin to the kidney is site-specific to the proximal tubule. In this study, we measured daily peak and trough level of gentamicin, serum creatinine, serum $Beta_2$-microglobulin and 24-hr urine $Beta_2$-microglobulin in 10 gentamicin treated patients. All the patients had their peak levels of gentamicin in the safe therapeutic range, and their trough level showed no evidence of gentamicin accumulation. There was no patient who showed his daily serum creatinine and $Beta_2$-microglobulin rise significantly. But 24-hour urine $Beta_2$-microglobulin showed significant rise from basal level (mean $5.8{\pm}1.62{\times}$) on the 5 th day of gentamicin treatment. Thus, serial monitoring of proximal tubular function with urinary $Beta_2$-microglobulin excretion has potential value in the assessment of insults of gentamicin to this site. But clinical significance of raised urinary $Beta_2$-microglobulin excretion in relation to the serum creatinine should be further studied.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.130-138
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• 1998

In this study, the effect of verapamil (VER) on cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated in uninephrectomized rats. Male Wistar rats were administered CsA (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or VER (0.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) with CsA (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 20 days. The urinary N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity along with BUN, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance (CLcr), body weight, and 24 hr-urine output were measured and histopathologic changes of kidney were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: While NAG activity, BUN and serum creatinine was progressively increased and CLcr significantly decreased in CsA group, VER almost signifi-cantly (p<0.05) suppressed and normalized CsA-induced changes in VER+CSA group. While urine output increased until 12th days and thereafter progressively decreased in CsA group, it gradually increased in control and VER+CSA group. While body weight progressively made a gain in control and VER+CSA groups, it significantly (p<0.05) lost in CsA group. On light microscopy, the glomerular hyperemia and proximal convoluted tubular (PCT) dilatation, focal tubular cell vacuolation and necrosis were clearly evident in CsA group, but, were not seen in other groups. Ultrastructural studies revealed thickened glomerular endothelium and basal lamina of capillary, irregular shaped pedicels of podocytes, indistinct slit pores and narrowed bowman's space. The large oval vacuoles with dense debris and phagosome were distributed in apical zone and deformed microvilli and mitochondria were seen in the PCT cell of CsA group. But, glomeruli and PCT cell were relatively preserved in normal apperance in other groups. In conclusion, it is suggested that verapamil has a protective effect on cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in uninephrectomized rats.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2008

Objectives : To estimate the normal range of blood and urine cadmium levels using data from occupationally non-exposed office workers to cadmium in selected Korean women. Methods : A total of 437 women from healthy office workers were analyzed. To analyze blood and urine cadmium levels, blood and urine samples of study subjects were collected carefully and analyzed. Using a structured questionnaire, characteristics of the study subjects were investigated by well trained interviewers. Results : Mean blood cadmium concentration (CdB) was $0.46\;{\mu}g/{\ell}$ (GM; 0.16), whereas mean urine cadmium concentration (CdU) was $0.94\;{\mu}g/g$ creatinine (GM; 0.37). A significant increase of cadmium levels in blood and urine was observed by the rise of age (p=0.007; p=0.002, respectively). In the analysis of smoking state, blood and urine cadmium levels were higher in current smokers than in nonsmokers. In the multiple regression analysis, the rise of age and currently smoking were observed as a significant factor associated with cadmium level. Conclusion : These findings suggest that mean cadmium level in blood and urine indicated a relatively low level, although the rise of age and currently smoking were observed as a significant factor related to cadmium level. It can be used for the basic data to prevent harmful effects of cadmium exposure among female workers occupationally exposed to cadmium.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Zeae Stigma herbal-acupuncture (ZS-HA) at KI10 (Umgok) on nephritis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. Methods: Rats were assigned to five groups, normal, LPS, NP, saline and ZS-HA. Rats in NP, saline, and ZS-HA groups were treated with needle prick, saline injection, and ZS-HA respectively at KI10, three times a week. All animals except the normal group were injected intra-peritoneally with LPS to induce nephritis. RBC and WBC, neutrophils in blood, TNF-alpha, CINC-1, creatinine in serum, urinal volume, total protein and creatinine in urine, and renal MPO were analyzed. Results: Needle prick at KI10 significantly reduced WBC in blood and CINC-1 in serum of LPS-stimulated rats. Saline injection at KI10 significantly reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ in serum and total protein in urine of LPS-stimulated rats. ZS-HA at KI10 significantly increased RBC in blood, and significantly reduced neutrophils in blood, TNF-${\alpha}$ in serum, and total protein in urine of LPS-stimulated rats. Conclusions: According to these results, it is postulated that ZS-HA at KI10 has anti-inflammatory and renal-protective effects on LPS-induced nephritis in rats, and both acupoint KI10 and herb Zeae Stigma made contributions to this effect. Further studies on the interaction between acupoint KI10 and herb Zeae Stigma may be needed.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.213-213
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• 1996

The effects of the anti-tumor agent, SDZ-y2434, on rat kidney were investigated to predict the toxicities of its derivatives and to develope less toxic derivatives. After adjusted in metabolic cages for 5 days, rats were treated SDZ-62434(acute : 25mg/kg, i.p, once and 50mg/kg, i.p., once; subacute ; 10mg/kg, i.p., daily for 7 days). Kidney weights and urine volume during the treatment were observed. Creatinine concentration, protein concentration and the activities of N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in 24 hr urine were also determined. The kidney weights after the acute and subacute administration didn't show any difference. Urine volume increased 5 days after the acute administration (50mg/kg) and 3 days after the subacute administration. The excretion of creatinine was increased 5 days after the acute (50mg/kg) and subacute administration. However, the protein excretion didn't show any change. NAG acivity declined 7 days after the subacute administration. AAP and GGT activites increased 3 days after the acute administration (50mg/kg) but, returned to the control value. LDH activity showed continuousely high value after the subacute administration. These results indicates that the acute administration of SDZ-62434 might damage on glomerulus and that the subacute administration might be cytotoxic to kidney cells.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.268-277
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• 2012

Objectives: 1) To determine mercury levels in urine samples from garbage workers in Southern Thailand, and 2) to describe the association between work characteristics, work positions, behavioral factors, and acute symptoms; and levels of mercury in urine samples. Methods: A case-control study was conducted by interviewing 60 workers in 5 hazardous-waste-management factories, and 60 matched non-exposed persons living in the same area of Southern Thailand. Urine samples were collected to determine mercury levels by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometer mercury analyzer. Results: The hazardous-waste workers' urinary mercury levels (10.07 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine) were significantly higher than the control group (1.33 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine) (p < 0.001). Work position, duration of work, personal protective equipment (PPE), and personal hygiene, were significantly associated with urinary mercury level (p < 0.001). The workers developed acute symptoms - of head-aches, nausea, chest tightness, fatigue, and loss of consciousness at least once a week - and those who developed symptoms had significantly higher urinary mercury levels than those who did not, at p < 0.05. A multiple regression model was constructed. Significant predictors of urinary mercury levels included hours worked per day, days worked per week, duration of work (years), work position, use of PPE (mask, trousers, and gloves), and personal hygiene behavior (ate snacks or drank water at work, washed hands before lunch, and washed hands after work). Conclusion: Changing garbage workers' hygiene habits can reduce urinary mercury levels. Personal hygiene is important, and should be stressed in education programs. Employers should institute engineering controls to reduce urinary mercury levels among garbage workers.