• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.685-688
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• 2001

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric assay method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of benzidine (BZ), N-acetyl benzidine (ABZ) and N,N-diacetyl benzidine (DABZ) in rat urine. BZ, ABZ and DABZ were extracted from urine at pH 8 with ethyl ether. Conjugated urinary metabolites were extracted at pH 8 after hydrolysis with 1 M HCl for 30 min at 100 $^{\circ}C.$ The dried extract was dissolved in 100 ${\mu}{\ell}$ of ethylacetate and then injected in gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) system without further purification or modification. BZ, ABZ and DABZ have good chromatographic properties and offer very sensitive response for the EI-MS (SIM) without any derivatization. The recoveries for BZ, ABZ and DABZ were about 98.0, 81.8 and 71.4%, respectively, at pH 8.0 and the concentration of 5.0 ng/mL. The coefficients of variation of BZ and ABZ were less than 9.5% from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL and that of DABZ was less than 13% in the same concentration range. The detection limits of the assay were 0.01 ng/mL for both BZ and ABZ, and 0.05 ng/mL for DABZ in urine or plasma 1.0 mL.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.702-705
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• 2003

Forest by-product silage (FPS) comprised of foliage, shrubs, and wild grasses was prepared to examine feeding value as sole roughage source for spotted (sika) deer. This diet was compared with imported oak leaf hay (OLH) and a commercial mixed ration (CMR) in digestion balance trials with spotted deer. Dry matter intake was highest (p<0.05) on the OLH, whereas intakes of the FPS and CMR were similar (p>0.05). Digestibility of dry matter was highest (p<0.05) for CMR. Digestibility of crude protein was highest in CMR and lowest in OLH and there were significant differences (p<0.05) among diets. Average daily gain, digestible dry matter intake and digestibility of crude fiber did not differ significantly among diets. Nitrogen intake, urinary and digestible nitrogen were highest (p<0.05) in CMR. However, nitrogen retention was not significantly different. Consequently, FPS is a good roughage source for deer having high digestibility, dry matter intake and availability of nitrogen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate dietary concentrate:forage ratios (C:F) and undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in lambs. Four Dorper${\times}$thin-tailed Han crossbred castrated lambs with $62.3{\pm}1.9$ kg body weight at 10 months of age were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of two levels of C:F (40:60 and 60:40) and two levels of UDP (35% and 50% of CP), according to a complete $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design. Each experimental period lasted for 19 d. After a 7-d adaptation period, lambs were moved into individual metabolism crates for 12 d including 7 d of adaption and 5 d of metabolism trial. During the metabolism trial, total urine was collected for 24 h and spot urine samples were also collected at different times. Urinary PD was measured using a colorimetric method and creatinine was measured using an automated analyzer. Intake of dry matter (DM) (p<0.01) and organic matter (OM) (p<0.01) increased as the level of UDP decreased. Fecal N was not affected by dietary treatment (p>0.05) while urinary N increased as the level of UDP decreased (p<0.05), but decreased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention increased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). As dietary C:F increased, urinary excretion of PD increased (p<0.05), but was not affected by dietary UDP (p>0.05) or interaction between dietary treatments (p>0.05). Daily excretion of creatinine was not affected by dietary treatments (p<0.05), with an average value of $0.334{\times}0.005$ mmol/kg $BW^{0.75}$. A linear correlation was found between total PD excretion and PDC index ($R^2$ = 0.93). Concentrations of creatinine and PDC index in spot urine were unaffected by sampling time (p>0.05) and a good correlation was found between the PDC index (average value of three times) of spot urine and daily excretion of PD ($R^2$ = 0.88). These results suggest that for animals fed ad libitum, the PDC index in spot urine is effective to predict daily excretion of PD. In order to improve the accuracy of the spot sampling technique, an appropriate lag phase between the time of feeding and sampling should be determined so that the sampling time can coincide with the peak concentration of PD in the urine.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.220-229
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• 1992

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the dog unpregant uterus were characterized using $[^3H]quinuclidinyl$ benzilate(QNB) as a radioligand and the binding of muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists in the uterus was compared to that in the urinary bladder which contains almost exclusively the M2 receptors in order to determine the receptor subtypes in the uterus. $[^3H]QNB$ binding to uterus and bladder was rapid, saturable and reversible. Scatchard analysis of the saturation data gave linear plots and the Hill coefficients were close to unit, which indicated that each preparation contained a single population of specific binding sites for $[^3H]QNB$. The KD values(120 pM) for QNB were almost identical in both organs, whereas the $B_{max}$ value of 256 fmol/mg protein in the uterus was significantly different from that of 563 fmol/mg protein in the bladder. Muscarinic agonists and antagonists inhibited in a competitive manner the $[^3H]QNB$ binding to the same extent in both organs. The competition binding studies using antagonists(atropine and pirenzepine) exhibited a single binding site and this site had a low affinity for pirenzepine with the Ki value of about 330 nM. However, high and low affinity binding sites were observed with carbachol, methacholine and oxotremorine. These binding studies with agonists and antagonists did not show any differences in drug affinities between uterus and bladder. These results indicate that the muscarinic receptors in the uterus are M2 receptors which have a low affinity for pirenzepine.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 1985

Pivampicillin hydrochloride is a kind of broad spectrum antibiotics with bactericidal action, and is used in many countries, although it has bitter taste, unpleasant odour and side effects of irritating gastric mucosa, nausea, penicillin allergy, etc. For the improvement of such side effects of pivampicillin hydrochloride, microcapsules, with wall of ethylcellulose, have been prepared by coacervation method. The shape was observed through the scanning electron microscope, the release of the drug into an aqueous medium was studied and the effects of core: ethylcellulose ratio were interpreted as well as making sensory evaluation of taste and odour. There was decreasing trend in dissolution rate of the drug with the increase of core: ethylcellulose ratios, and the smaller microcapsules released their contents more rapidly. A linear relationship was established between the amount of ethylcellulose and the time for 60% release of the drug, and the release pattern was found to have similar characteristics to the release of the drug from an insoluble porous matrix. The release of the drug in the artificial intestinal fluids (pH 6.8) was found to be similar to that in water, while the release in the artificial gastric juice (pH 1.2) was slightly slower. Bioavailability of microcapsule was compared with that of pivampicillin hydrochloride in rabbits using serum concentration and urinary excretion measurements. Microcapsule gave showed slightly higher serum level than pivampicillin hydrochloride from 2 hours after administration, while no significant difference was observed in the accumulated urinary excretion rate between pivampicillin hydrochloride and microcapsule. The ulcer index of pivampicillin hydrochloride administered group was 2.6, and microcapsule administered group was 1.5, while control group was 0.8. Therefore it may be concluded that microencapsulation of pivampicillin hydrochloride is a useful pharmaceutical approach to protect the gastrointestinal tract from being injured by direct contact of pivampicillin hydrochloride without any significant difference of bioavailability.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2013

Purpose: A few Korean studies have reported that low urine acidity and hyperuricemia are related to metabolic syndrome. Therefore, we evaluated the relationships between urine pH, serum Uric Acid (UA), and metabolic risk factors in university students. Methods: Data were obtained from student health examinations in one university. Participants were 3,412 male and 4,214 female students. Descriptive statistics, t-test, logistic regressions and multiple logistic regression using SPSS version 18.0 were performed. Results: No significant relationship was found between metabolic risk factors and urine pH. From the univariate analysis, serum UA was significantly higher in obese ($BMI{\geq}25$), elevated blood pressure ($SBP{\geq}130$ and $DBP{\geq}85$), and higher triglyceride (${\geq}150$) groups for males and in obese, higher triglyceride and fasting blood sugar (${\geq}100$), and lower HDL-cholesterol (<50) groups for females. From the results of multivariate analysis, age, BMI, and triglyceride were significantly related to serum UA in males, BMI and HDL-cholesterol were significantly related to serum UA in females. Conclusion: Although there was no significant relationship between urinary pH and metabolic risk factors, significant associations between some of the metabolic risk factors and serum UA were found in the young adult population. Further studies are required to know the exact pathway between serum UA and metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.73-87
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• 1983

The matrix affects the dissolution of furosemide, which is almost insoluble in the dissolution medium. In order to understand the effect of the matrix on the dissolution of furosemide, lactose, starch, $Avicel\;^{\circledR}pH\;101$, $Avicel\;^{\circledR}pH\;301$, $SiO_2$ and talc were used as the matrix and the solvent deposition method were used. The dissolution characteristics of four dissolution medium were compared to each other using various ratio of drug-to-matrix. The results are as follows: 1) Lactose was shown to be superior and talc was to be inferior to the other matrixes investigated. 2) A maximum dissolution rate and dissolution amount of furosemide were observed in 1 : 10 ratio of the drug-to-matrix. 3) $T_{80%}$ of 1 : 10 ratio of the drug-to-matrix in pH 7.2 was 1 min. from FM-lactose and 30 min. from FM-talc. $T_{50%}$ in pH 4.2 is 2 min. from furosemide-lactose and 150 min. from furosemide-talc. Total amount of furosemide in pH 1.2 at 30 min. were enhanced 13.3 fold in furosemide-lactose and 3.5 fold in furosemide-talc compared to the control. Diuretic action of those furosemide-lactose and furosemide-talc was also evaluated by monitoring changes in urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and urine volume in rat. The accumulated urine volume were enhanced 1.7 fold in furosemide-lactose (1.5) compared to the furosemide.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.180-185
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study are: 1) to quantify sodium consumption of patients with unstable or uncontrolled hypertension, 2) to investigate if reduced sodium intake can lower BP in these patients, and 3), to assess the acceptability and feasibility of this approach. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 25 adults (age: 50+ years) with frequently elevated BP or patients with uncontrolled, uncomplicated hypertension despite drug treatment in a general practice setting. BP and salt intake (24h urinary excretion and food records) were measured at baseline and after a sodium reduced diet. RESULTS: Mean (${\pm}SD$) systolic (SBP) over diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (mmHg) at baseline was $150.7({\pm}9.5)$/$84.149({\pm}5.6)$. Mean urinary sodium excretion was 146 mmol/24h. A reduction of 28 mmol sodium excretion decreased SBP/DBP to $135.5({\pm}13.0)$/$82.5({\pm}12.8)$ (P < 0.001). After one month of no dietary advice, only in 48%, SBP was still ${\leq}140mmHg$. CONCLUSION: Assessment of sodium intake using food records, 24h urine collections and probing questions to identify use of sodium containing supplements or drugs are essential for tailored advice targeted at sodium intake reduction. The results of the present study indicate that reduced sodium intake can lower BP after 4 weeks in unstable or uncontrolled hypertensive patients.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.692-697
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• 1997

Creatine and 3,4-Dimethylhippuric acid (3,4-DMHA), a glycine conjugate of 1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene (1,2,4-TMB) were determined in the urine of workers exposed to 1,2,4-TMB vapor. The best condition for the simultaneous determination of 3,4-DMHA and creatine by high performance liquid chromatography was obtained by reverse phase $C_{18}$ column (4.6${\times}$150mm, 5${\mu}m$) as stationary phase and 20% acetonitrile in 20mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing 4mM sodium octylsulfate(SOS)as mobile phase. The recovery of 3,4-DMHA spiked to blank urine in the range of 1~5${\mu}g$/ml was about 96%. The concentration of urinary 3,4-DMHA of workers had a positive correlation with the environmental level of 1,2,4-TMB (r=0.866). The data suggest that urinary 3,4-DMHA concentration is a useful biological index for 1,2,4-TMB exposure.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.5-13
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• 2021

Ammonia, primarily originating from urinary urea of the livestock manure, is known to play as a major precursor of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) generation which leads to a decrease in air quality and to harmful effects on public health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) addition on inhibition of ammonia conversion from urea. The experiment was performed at different urea concentration (500-4,000 mg Urea-N/L), AHA concentration (0-4,000 mg AHA/L), pHs (pH 6-10), and temperature (10-35℃). The result showed that the urease inhibition efficiency increased at higher concentration of AHA. However, the specific urease inhibition activity decreased at higher pH, showing 867.1±6.7 Unit/g AHA at pH 6 and 1,167.9±17.4 Unit/g AHA at pH 10, respectively. Decreased urease inhibition efficiency at both AHA and control was observed at higher temperature. This finding indicates that AHA can be used as the urease inhibitor for reducing ammonia emission in the management of livestock manure.