• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.346-353
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• 1996

The anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, concentrations of minerals in scalp hair and urine and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA) of 30 autistic children not taking psychoactive drugs and 30 nonautistic control children were determined. The autistic children were taking significantly lower amounts of vitamin A, niacin, ascorbic acid and iron. The intake of vitamin A, niacin, and iron in autistic children were found to be 22$\%$, 75$\%$ and 58 of RDA, respectively. The decreased anthropometric measurements in height and weight of autistic children seems partly due to lower intake of these micronutrients. The food intake in vitamin and mineral group of autistic children was significantly lower. It is probably related to decreased intake of fruit in autistic children. There was no toxicity of cadmium and aluminum in both groups according to their contents in scalp hair. Autistic children showed elevated levels of hair calcium and zinc but lowered levels of copper and iron. The urinary excretion urinary excretion of 5-HIAA.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2016

Recently several studies reported that the renal toxicity of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) may exist in even a low level exposure. In terms of the deterioration of tubular function, it affects the loss of divalent metals and leads to other complications, so renal tubular effect of heavy metals should be well managed. Considering the exposure to heavy metals in reality, it is hard to find the case that human is exposed to only one heavy metal. We designed a cross-sectional study using Korean Research Project on the Integrated Exposure Assessment (KRIEFS) data to investigate the renal effects of multiple metal exposure in general population. We used blood Pb and urinary Cd as exposure measures, and urinary N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin (${\beta}_2$-MG) as renal tubular impairment outcome. We conducted linear regression to identify the association between each heavy metal and urinary NAG and ${\beta}_2$-MG. And then, we conducted linear regression including the interaction term. Of 1953 adults in KRIEFS (2010~2011), the geometric mean of blood Pb and urinary Cd concentration was $2.21{\mu}g/dL$ (geometric $SD=1.49{\mu}g/dL$) and $1.08{\mu}g/g\;cr$ (geometric $SD=1.98{\mu}g/g\;cr$), respectively. In urinary Cd, the strength of the association was also high after adjusting (urinary NAG: ${\beta}=0.44$, p < 0.001; urinary ${\beta}_2$-MG: ${\beta}=0.13$, p = 0.002). Finally, we identified the positive interactions for the two renal biomarkers. The interaction effect of the two heavy metals of ${\beta}_2$-MG was greater than that of NAG. It is very important in public health perspective if the low level exposure to multiple heavy metals has an interaction effect on kidney. More epidemiological studies for the interaction and toxicological studies on the mechanism are needed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.450-459
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• 2011

Objectives: Biomarkers in urine are important in assessing exposures to environmental or occupational chemicals and for evaluateing renal function by exposure from these chemicals. Spot urine samples are needed to adjust the concentration of these biomarkers for variations in urine dilution. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of adjusting the urinary concentration of cadmium (uCd) and arsenic (uAs) by specific gravity (SG) and urine creatinine (uCr). Methods: We measured the concentrations of blood cadmium (bCd), uCd, uAs, uCr, SG and N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, which is a sensitive marker of tubular damage by low dose Cd exposure, in spot urine samples collected from 536 individuals. The value of uCd, uAs and NAG were adjusted by SG and uCr. Results: The uCr levels were affected by gender (p < 0.01) and muscle mass (p < 0.01), while SG levels were affected by gender (p < 0.05). Unadjusted uCd and uAs were correlated with SG (uCd: r = 0.365, p < 0.01; uAs: r = 0.488, p < 0.01), uCr (uCd: r = 0.399, p < 0.01; uAs: r = 0.484, p < 0.01). uCd and uAs adjusted by SG were still correlated with SG (uCd: r = 0.360, p < 0.01, uAs: r = 0.483, p < 0.01). uCd and uAs adjusted by uCr and modified uCr ($M_{Cr}$) led to a significant negative correlation with uCr (uCd: r = -0.367, p < 0.01; uAs: r = -0.319, p < 0.01) and $M_{Cr}$ (uCd: r = -0.292, p < 0.01; uAs: r = -0.206, p < 0.01). However, uCd and uAs adjusted by conventional SG ($C_{SG}$) were disappeared from these urinary dilution effects (uCd: r = -0.081; uAs: r = 0.077). Conclusions: $C_{SG}$ adjustment appears to be more appropriate for variations in cadmium and arsenic in spot urine.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.541-555
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine heavy metal exposure levels in the blood and urine of a nationally representative adult population in Korea, and to identify the major influence factors for exposure through linkage analysis using questionnaire data. Methods: Biological samples and questionnaire data were collected from adults aged 18 and over who had participated in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey from 2009 to 2017. Lead, mercury, and cadmium exposure levels were presented with geometric mean and 95th percentiles. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the factors affecting heavy metal concentrations. Results: Blood lead levels increased slightly in Cycle 2 compared to Cycle 1, but decreased in Cycle 3. Blood and urinary mercury and urinary cadmium levels decreased over time. The main influence factors included gender, age, and smoking status for blood lead levels; gender, age, and intake of fish at least once a week for blood mercury levels; and age for urinary cadmium levels. Conclusion: The Korean National Environmental Health Survey is an effective tool for confirming over-time changes in exposure to lead, mercury, and cadmium in Korean adults and to identify its influence factors. The results of this study are expected to present basic data for calculating reference values and baseline exposure levels for environmental chemicals in Korean adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.725-732
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea catechin on renal dysfunction and blood presure change in chronic cadmium poisoned rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. Cadmium groups were classified to catechin free diet(Cd-0C group) 0.25% catechin diet(Cd-0.25C group) and 0.5% catechin diet(Cd-0.5C group) according to the levels of catechin supplement. Animals were raids for 20weeks. Cadmium were supplied as drinking water of 50ppm Cd2+ Morphological changes shown through a light microscope and an electro-microscope revealed the mitochondria and tubule epithelial cell edema in Cd -0C group but they were alleviated in catechin supplementation. The urinary $\beta$2-microglobulin that measured to observe the glomerular injury were higher in Cd-poisoned groups than in normal group but they was lowered by catechin supplementation. Glomerular filtration ratios(GFR) in Cd-poisoned groups were significantly lower than in normal group but that of catechin supplementation group was similar to normal group. This suggested that catechin protected the kidney from the functional damage. Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) activity and blood pressure(BP) in Cd-poisoned groups were significantly higher than in normal group. Heart rate was tended to increase in Cd-poisoned groups. The results indicate that green tea catechin supplementation on chronic cadmium-poisoned rats normalized the renal dysfunction and blood pressure system.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2012

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the possible effects of environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure on of bone mineral density (BMD) levels. Methods: A total of 171 residents around abandoned mines in Chungcheongnam-do were surveyed in 2008-2011. Urinary Cd and BMD were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and Dual-Energy X-ray absorptionmetry, respectively. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were defined by T-scores set by the WHO; Tscore ${\geq}$ -1.0, normal; -1.0 > T-score > -2.5, osteopenia; and T-score ${\leq}$ -2.5, osteoporosis. Logistic and multiple linear regressions were applied to estimate the association between U-Cd levels and BMD. Results: The U-Cd geometric mean of 171 Koreans was 2.79 ${\mu}g/g{\cdot}cr$. The U-Cd concentration was significantly higher among women (2.98 ${\mu}g/g{\cdot}cr$) than men (2.39 ${\mu}g/g{\cdot}cr$). With the multiple regression model, the BMD was influenced by U-Cd, BMI, and monthly income. With the logistic regression model, osteoporosis was associated with U-Cd levels (OR = 3.239, 95% CI = 1.770-5.927). Conclusions: We conclude that exposure to cadmium is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of heavy metal concentrations in the blood and urine of the general population. This research had been conducted from April to December 2008, studying 545 residents of Daejeon and Chungcheong Province. Through the concentrations of heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Mn) in the biota samples and questionnaires, the residents heavy metal exposure level and the influential factors according to personal characteristics or lifestyle were evaluated. As to the heavy metal concentration in the blood and urine of the comparing region, were As and Mn statistically significant(p<0.01, p<0.05). Blood lead and urinary mercury concentrations were higher in males than females. The heavy metal concentration for each age group increased blood mercury. The concentration of all heavy metals were higher in the drinkers than in the non-drinkers. Blood lead and mercury concentrations were higher in the smokers than in the non-smokers, but the urinary cadmium, arsenic and blood manganese was higher in the non-smokers than in the smokers. As to the blood lead and urinary cadmium concentration according to the food preference fish showed high concentration. To clarify the factors affecting the heavy metal concentration in biota among subjects multiple regression analysis was conducted. As a results, it turned out that as to lead content in blood, sex, age and smoking have influence on the subjects with explanatory adequacy of 14.0 %. These results demonstrated that the factors affected the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine. The results of this study could be used as the foundational data for setting the health risk assessment.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 1993

This study characterized the effect of liver injury produced by hepatotoxicants on the biliary and urinary excretion of acetaminophen(AA) metabolites. Liver damage was produced in male S.-D. rats, 24 hr after dosing with carbon tetrachloride(4CCl_4,$ 0.75 mι/kg, ip) or thioacetamide(TA, 200 mg/kg, ip), or 16 hr after administration of cadmium chloride(4CdCl_2,$ 3.9 mg/kg, iv). Liver damage without renal injury was confirmed by measuring serum enzymes, creatinine and BUN levels as well as by histopathological examination. AA and its metabolites were measured for 3 hr by HPLC in rats injected iv with 1 mmo1/kg of AA. The excreted amounts of AA-glucuronide into bile were reduced to 60~70% of control rats by hepatotoxicants, but did not change urinary excretion of AA-glucuronide and AA-sulfate. Treatments with $CCl_4,\; CdCl_2$ and TA decreased the total (biliary plus urinary) excretion of thioethers of AA(30~50% of control), suggesting that these toxicants decrease cytochrome P-450-mediated toxification of AA. However, treatments of $CdCl_2$and TA markedly enhanced the excretion of AA-mercapturate into urine. Thus, 4CdCl_2$ and TA not only influence the formation of AA-glutathione, but may also alter the excretory routes (i.e. bile and urine) for the elimination of AA-metabolite.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.424-439
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• 1998

Urinary cadmium is used as a sensitive indicator for internal Cd dose, and increased excretion of $N-acetyl-\beta-D-glucosaminidase(NAG)$, $\beta_2-microglobulin(MG)$ and total protein are useful indices for renal dysfunction by chronic exposure to Cd. The target group was 184 inhabitant(82 men and 102 women) in an abandoned mine area known as exposure to low level Cd. The control group was took 160 individuals(64 men and 96 women) in Cd not-exposed area. Urinary Cd concentration was significantly higher in the target group than the control. The geometric mean of urinary Cd for male was $2.56{\mu}g/\ell,\;2.80{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $2.50{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the target group and $1.19{\mu}g/\ell,\;1.36{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $1.17{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the control. For female $2.69{\mu}g/\ell,\;3.94{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $2.63{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the target group and $1.27{\mu}g/\ell,\;1.97{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $1.25{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the control, respectively. In addition, urinary Cd of the target group had affected by the period of residence and dietary habit for the rice and the vegetables from the target area. These findings suggest the chronic exposure to Cd of the target population. Mean excretion of urinary NAG, $\beta_2-MG$ and total protein were not significant between two groups. In the target group, urinary NAG activity and total protein were significantly correlated with urinary Cd, but $\beta_2-MG$ was not related. Urinary excretion of NAG, $\beta_2-MG$ and total protein were significantly increased in $10\leqq$ than in <2 of urinary Cd level. In $2\sim10$ group of urinary Cd level, the excretion of NAG significantly increased while not showed for $\beta_2-MG$. In present study, urinary excretion of NAG was relatively sensitive than $\beta_2-MG$ in chronic exposure population to low level Cd.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary low (Fe) levels on Fe metabolism of cadmium(Cd) poisoned rats. 40 male Sprague weaning Dawley rats weighing 80-90g were divided into 4 groups(LFe:low Fe, LFeCd:low Fe and Cd, AFe: adequate Fe, AFeCd: adequate Fe and Cd) according to Cd administration(0, 50ppm in drinking water) and Fe levels(Fe:6ppm, 40ppm in diet)for 12 weeks. The food intake and body weight gain of Cd group with low Fe(LFeCd) were significantly lower than those of without Cd group with adequate Fe(AFe)(p<0.01, P<0.05). But there was no significantly difference between Cd groups and without Cd groups in water intake. The blood levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum levels of Fe of LFeCd were significantly lower than those of AFe(p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.001). The urinary and fecal excretion of Fe of LFeCd was significantly lower than that of AFe(p<0.05, p0.05). The levels of Fe of liver, spleen in LFeCd were lower than those of AFeCd(p<0.05, p<0.05). These results indicates that adequate iron supplementation to Cd pretreated rats induce protective effects on the reduction of Fe status by Cd poisoning.