Kim, Han-Hae;Kong, Kyoung-Ae;Lee, Hun-Jae;Yoon, Ha-Na;Lee, Bo-Eun;Moon, Ok-Ryun;Park, Hye-Sook
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
/
v.39
no.2
/
pp.141-148
/
2006
Objectives : We wanted to evaluate the medical underutilization for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among Korean elderly men and we wanted to determine their associated factors. Methods : This study was conducted on 239 men with LUTS and 116 men with BPH who were compatible with the diagnostic criteria from a total of 641 participants. These participants were over 50 years old and they were randomly chosen in a community-based study for estimating the prevalence of BPH. Using a self-reported questionnaire, we surveyed the sociodemographics, health status, quality of life, lower urinary tract symptoms, medical utilization and reasons for not seeking treatment. Results : Only 27.6% of the men with LUTS and 31.0% of the men with BPH reported having visited a doctor for urinary symptoms. The reasons for not visiting a doctor were, in order of responses from the group with LUTS: 'considered the symptoms as a part of the normal ageing process', 'not enough time to visit a doctor', 'financial difficulty' and 'the symptoms were not severe or bothersome'. Regarding BPH, the responses were the same as those of the group with LUTS however, 'financial difficulty' placed second. Among the men with experience of visiting a doctor for urinary symptoms, 33.3% of those with LUTS and 28.1% of those with BPH were not treated. The most common reason in both groups was 'the symptoms were not severe to be treated'. On a multiple logistic regression analysis, the larger size household (odds ratio (OR) 3.03, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.40-6.54) and an unsatisfactory quality of life related with urinary symptoms (OR 2.98, 95% CI=1.23-7.21) were associated with medical utilization in the group of LUTS. For BPH, the current employment status was related with the medical utilization (OR 2.80, 95% CI=1.10-7.11), in addition to the larger size household (OR 3.24, 95% CI=1.14-9.21). Conclusions : Many men with urinary symptoms do not visit a doctor. This medical underutilization for people with LUTS and BPH may be associated with economic status in Korea.
This study was designed to investigate the effect of Ca supplementation of 1,000mg per day for 53 weeks on lipid, Na, and K metabolism and on blood pressure in postmenopausal women. The subjects were 12 healthy women aged from 60 to 70 years. They were divided into two groups : the placebo(control group) and the Ca supplemented(1,000 mg/day) group(Ca group). Metabolic studies were conducted twice in the 1st and the 53rd weeks. The results were as follows : Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-choesterol levels tended to be decreased after the experiment. Serum VLDL-cholesterol lowering effect was observed with Ca supplementation(p<0.05), and also the significantly elevated HDL/(LDL+VLDL) ratio in Ca supplemented subjects whose average Na intake was as high as 4.9g per day. This phenomena was accompanied with increased Na retention and increased Na excretion in feces, but with decreased urinary Na in Ca supplemented group. However, considering much higher Na reteniton in the control group at the end of experiment(control va Ca ; 1272.3mg vs 732.9mg), Ca supplementation may have some beneficial effects on Na blance. Serum aldosterone level increased significantly in the Ca group after the exsperiment(p<0.05). With these normotensive subjects, there were no level increased significantly in the Ca group after the experiment(p<0.05). With these normotensive subjects, there were no pronounced effect of Ca supplementation on blood pressure, however, decrease in diastolic blood pressure were observed at the 14th week and end of the experiment(p<0.05). In summary, the Ca supplementation on postmenopausal Koran women appears to exert a desirables effect on blood lipid patterns related to the coronary heart diseases and to be beneficial in controlling diastolic blood pressure. Further studies with hypertensive or/and hyperlipidemic subjects are required to clarify the effect of Ca supplementation in Koreans.
Heo, K.N.;Odle, J.;Lin, X.;van Kempen, T.A.T.G.;Han, In K.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
/
v.14
no.2
/
pp.237-242
/
2001
Colostrum deprived, newborn pigs (N=12, $1.64{\pm}0.05kg$) were used to study the renal threshold of carnitine, and effects of emulsified medium-chain triglyceride (MCT, tri-8:0) feeding on kinetics of plasma carnitine and urinary carnitine excretion. An arterial catheter was inserted through an umbilical artery, and a bladder catheter was inserted via the urachus. Piglets were oro-gastrically gavaged with one of six carnitine levels (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, $480{\mu}mol/kg\;W^{0.75}$) with (+MCT) or without medium-chain triglycerides (-MCT) in 0.9% NaCl solution. Blood was sampled into heparinized tubes at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, and 20 h after gavage, and urine was collected and pooled into 1 h or 2 h composite samples to determine free- and short-chain carnitine concentrations. Plasma from the 12 newborn piglets before gavage contained $10.6{\pm}1.2{\mu}mol/L$ free carnitine and $7.2{\pm}0.6{\mu}mol/L$ acid-soluble acyl carnitine. The renal threshold for carnitine was similar between the MCT and the +MCT group (42.6 13.1 and $46.4{\pm}2.0{\mu}mol/L$, respectively), but the correlation between plasma free carnitine and urinary excretion was altered. Plasma free carnitine linearly increased with increasing carnitine dosage (-MCT group, $R^2=0.95$, p<0.001; +MCT group, $R^2=0.91$, p<0.001), but was decreased by 50% when medium-chain triglycerides were fed. The peak in plasma free carnitine concentration was depressed by medium-chain triglycerides feeding also. Therefore, the plasma and urinary short-chain/free carnitine ratio of the +MCT group was increased by 100% and 40%, respectively (p<0.01). Feeding of medium-chain triglycerides may delay plasma carnitine elevation via altering the kinetics of absorption. Similarly, the plasma and urinary short-chain/free carnitine ratio were affected by interaction between medium-chain triglycerides and time (p<0.01). The present study suggests that an oral carnitine dose over $480{\mu}mol/kg\;W^{0.75}$ may be needed to reach the free carnitine renal threshold within a short period, especially when provided together with medium-chain triglyceride.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between sodium excretion and obesity for healthy adults in the Gwangju area. Methods: The participants included 80 healthy adults aged 19 to 69 years in Gwangju. The dietary intake and sodium excretion were obtained using the 24-hour recall method and 24 hour urine collection. The participants were classified into two groups according to the amount of urinary sodium excretion: (${\leq}141.75mmol/dL$, > 141.75 mmol/dL). Results: After adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the high excretion of sodium group was significantly higher for weight, body mass index, body fat mass, percent body fat, visceral fat area (VFA), waist circumference, hip circumference, and WHR. The energy and nutrients intake were significant after adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income. The LSE group had a significantly higher fat intake and Na/K intake ratio. The HSE group had significantly higher fiber intake, and K intake. As the amount of urinary sodium excretion increased, the risk of obesity before correction was 3.57 (95% CI: 1.13-11.25) times greater, and the risk of obesity of T3 increased significantly by 3.33 times (95% CI: 1.05-10.59). After correcting for sex and age, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 4.23 times (95% CI: 1.11-16.06), and after correcting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 6.81 times (95% CI: 1.44-32.19) the risk of obesity. Conclusions: An association exists between sodium excretion and obesity in Korean adults. In this study, the high excretion of sodium group was obese and the risk of obesity was higher than the low excretion of sodium group.
The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of the dietary nutrients to blood pressure among preschool children in Seoul and to concurrently study the effect of seasonal variance on the aforementioned relationship. The subjects of the study consisted of 203 preschool children aged four to six years. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, pulse rate and blood pressure, urinary excretion of five cations(Na, K, Ca, P, Mg), creatinine and urea nitrogen and dietary questionaires concerning sodium, potassium calcium and phosphorus were taken during the two periods of summer(Aug. 1986)and winter(Feb, 1987). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The daily urinary excretion of five cations, creatinine and urea nitrogen is summer and winter was as follows; The sodium content was 57.8 mEq in the summer and 59.4 mEq in the winter ; potassium 20.4 mEq and 23.0 mEq, respectively ; calcium, 5.5 mEq and 3.6 mEq, respectively ; and phosphorus, 27.4 mEq and 19.9 mEq, respectively. Only calcium and phosphours excretions in the urine showed significant differences per season(p<0.05). 2) The average dietary intake per day of sodium was 2349mg in the summer and 2155mg in the winter ; potassium consumption was 1425mg in the summer and 1448mg in the winter ; intake of calcium was 472mg in the summer and 500mg in the winter ; and phosphours consumption was 642mg in the summer and 634mg in hte winter. The sodium-to-potassium consumption ratio 1.6 and 1.5, respectively, in the summer and in the winter and the calcium-to-phosphorus ration was 0.7 in the summer and 0.8 in the winter. The dietary calcium intake showed significant differences between the seasons. 3) The principal source of sodium consumption among preschool children was from seasoning-including talbe salt, soy sauce and instant sauce-which accounted for higher then 45% of the sodium intake in both seasons. The main source of potassium was frutis and vegetables which accounted for 29.6% of the potassium intake in the summer and 25.7% in the winter. Milk and milk products were the primary dource of calcium(higher then 40% in both seasons) 4) In the summer, urinary phosphours levels were weakly reated to systolic blood pressures. (0.05
The purpose of this study was to investigate sodium intake and protein metabolism for pregnant women in Korea. The relationship between salt consumption and hypertension, electrolyte changes in pregnancy, and the tendency of weight gain of pregnant women were also examined. The dietary survey and twelve or twenty-four hour's urine collection was performed in this study. The subjects were pregnant women who came to gynecology clinic for prenatal care from July to August in 1984. The results were as follows: 1) Intakes of calorie and iron of Korean pregnant women were 2,036 Kcal and 16mg per day per person. The calorie composition consists of 65% carbohydrate, 16% protein, and 19% lipids. The average level of all nutrients was about 87% of Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances. 2) The sodium intakes in pregnant women estimated by dietary survey was 318.6 mEq Na (7,966 mg Na), which is equivalent to 20.2 g NaCl. 3) Daily sodium excretion was 112.5 mEq per liter, that is equal to 147.4 mEq. Potassium excretion was 24.95 mEq per liter and creatinine excretion was 594.0 mg per day. 4) There were statistically significant correlations between sodium intake and the excretions of sodium, potassium and creatinine. The blood pressure was positively correlated with sodium intakes. As sodium and potassium ratio was increased, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were also significantly increased 5) Urinary nitrogen and creatinine ratio known to be reliable index for nutritional status of protein was 5.5 : 1. These values were comparable to the values in American pregnant women. 6) The weight gain during the pregnancy was examined. There was little weight gain during the first trimester, because of nausea, vomit and decrease of appetite. The weight gain during the second trimester was 4.9Kg, and 11.1Kg for third trimester.
Yi, Dae-Yong;Kim, Na-Yeon;Cho, Hee-Yeon;Kim, Ji-Eun;Sim, So-Yeon;Son, Dong-Woo;Jeon, In-Sang;Cha, Han
Childhood Kidney Diseases
/
v.12
no.2
/
pp.178-185
/
2008
Purpose : Our aim was to investigate the predictive factors for detecting grade III-V vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) in young infants less than 3 months with urinary tract infections (UTI). Methods : Data of infants who underwent ultrasonography and VCUG between January 2004 and September 2007 were reviewed. Age, gender, incidence of bacteremia, C-reactive protein(CRP) and imaging studies were compared between group I(grade III-V VUR) and group II (normal or grade I and II VUR) retrospectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, odds ratio, and likelihood ratio of ultrasonography for high grade VUR were evaluated. Results : Among 54 enrolled infants(41 males, 13 females), 14 infants were group I and 40 infants were group II. In the group I, CRP level was significantly higher(6.11$\pm$5.18 vs. 3.27$\pm$3.45, P=0.025), and there were more ultrasonographic abnormal findings(71.4%, vs. 22.5%, P=0.002) compared with group II. However, ultrasonography was the only significant factor after adjusting with logistic regression(P=0.002). Incidence of bacteremia and abnormal DMSA findings were not significantly different in two groups. Sensitivity, specificity, and odds ratio of ultrasonography was 71.4%, 77.5%, 6.9 respectively. Negative predictive value was 88.6% and negative likelihood ratio was 0.37. Ultrasonography had significant negative likelihood ratio for grade III-V VUR, but missed 4 infants with grade III VUR. Conclusion : We could not find any alternative predictive factors to reduce VCUG in detecting high grade VUR. Therefore, VCUG must be considered in young infants less than 3 months with UTI.
This study was carried out to investigate the acute changes in R-A-A system following lasix administration, and to evaluate the materials in plasma R-A-A system and electrolytic excretion every 30 minutes for 2 hours after lasix administration with normal high sodium Korean food, moderate sodium restriction, and severe sodium restriction, and it was concluded as followed; 1. Plasma renin activity, angiotensin II concentration, and aldosterone concentration elevated in course of time after lasix administration with high sodium Korean food, but the R-A-A system takes insignificant part because of the increasing rate was so slight. 2. Although the increasing rate of plasma renin activity reached lower levels, angiotensin II and aldosterone concentration were significantly increased after lasix administration with moderate sodium restriction. 3. It was observed that higher rise in aldosterone concentration following lasix administration during severe sodium restriction than when moderate sodium restriction. 4. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion during two hours after lasix administration showed decrease as little as the amount of sodium intake, but K/Na excretion ratio showed increase with small amount of sodium intake because of the decreasing rate of potassium was low value. 5. Sodium excretion after lasix administration reached more than 1.5 times of sodium intake, even though R-A-A reaction showed significantly. 6. As our results showed, R-A-A reaction following acute diuresis was insignificant with high sodium Intake, the increasing ratio of aldosterone concentration showed high rise compare with of plasma renin activity as little as the amount of sodium intake, and the participated rate in sodium reabsorption of R-A-A system was increased.
Purpose : Hypercalciuria has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis associated with polyuria. We have measured the amount of calcium excretion in the urine from children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and studied the association with enuresis. Methods : Thirty-six children (20 males and 16 females, age 5 to 15.6 years) presenting with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis were recruited for this study. Results : Among 36 patients, 6 patients had hypercalciuria, providing a 16.7% frequency. The mean Ca/Cr ratio of hypercalciuria group showed $0.23{\pm}0.10$ on daytime, and $0.33{\pm}0.10$ on nighttime showing higher values in nighttime, but it was not statistically significant. Average 24 hour calcium excretion was 8.95 mg/kg. Night/day time urine volume ratio in hypercalciuria group was $0.87{\pm}0.20$, and that in normocalciuria group was $0.81{\pm}0.33$, also showing no difference. Daytime Ca/Cr ratio and nighttime Ca/Cr ratio from all enuresis patients showed a significant correlation (P=0.0001). However, Ca/Cr ratio between daytime and nighttime urine volume had no significant correlation, respectively (daytime P=0.08; nighttime P=0.07). Also, daytime and nighttime Na concentration, urea concentration, and osmolality also had no significant correlation with urine Ca/Cr ratio, respectively. Conclusion: Hypercalciuria shown in some of enuresis patients is not directly caused by primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.31
no.4
/
pp.658-663
/
2002
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on utilizations of various minerals, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn. Intakes, serum levels, and excretions of these minerals were analyzed and compared in rats fed diet with 100, 200, 400% of iron requirement (Fe, 2Fe, 4Fe groups) for 6 weeks. The feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were not significantly different among the groups. Serum Fe of 2Fe group was significantly lower than other two groups, and serum Zn of 4Fe group was highest. Mineral intakes were not significantly different among three groups. With iron supplementation, urinary excretions of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn were elevated, but fecal excretions of minerals were not significantly different. And the daily retentions of Na and Fe were significantly elevated, but apparent absorbabilities of minerals were not significantly different. In summary, according to iron supplementation, mineral absorbabilities were not different but urinary excretions of some minerals were increased. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate iron intake and well-balanced diet are more desirable than nutrient supplementation for mineral balance.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.