• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2006

Objectives : We wanted to evaluate the medical underutilization for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among Korean elderly men and we wanted to determine their associated factors. Methods : This study was conducted on 239 men with LUTS and 116 men with BPH who were compatible with the diagnostic criteria from a total of 641 participants. These participants were over 50 years old and they were randomly chosen in a community-based study for estimating the prevalence of BPH. Using a self-reported questionnaire, we surveyed the sociodemographics, health status, quality of life, lower urinary tract symptoms, medical utilization and reasons for not seeking treatment. Results : Only 27.6% of the men with LUTS and 31.0% of the men with BPH reported having visited a doctor for urinary symptoms. The reasons for not visiting a doctor were, in order of responses from the group with LUTS: 'considered the symptoms as a part of the normal ageing process', 'not enough time to visit a doctor', 'financial difficulty' and 'the symptoms were not severe or bothersome'. Regarding BPH, the responses were the same as those of the group with LUTS however, 'financial difficulty' placed second. Among the men with experience of visiting a doctor for urinary symptoms, 33.3% of those with LUTS and 28.1% of those with BPH were not treated. The most common reason in both groups was 'the symptoms were not severe to be treated'. On a multiple logistic regression analysis, the larger size household (odds ratio (OR) 3.03, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.40-6.54) and an unsatisfactory quality of life related with urinary symptoms (OR 2.98, 95% CI=1.23-7.21) were associated with medical utilization in the group of LUTS. For BPH, the current employment status was related with the medical utilization (OR 2.80, 95% CI=1.10-7.11), in addition to the larger size household (OR 3.24, 95% CI=1.14-9.21). Conclusions : Many men with urinary symptoms do not visit a doctor. This medical underutilization for people with LUTS and BPH may be associated with economic status in Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Ca supplementation of 1,000mg per day for 53 weeks on lipid, Na, and K metabolism and on blood pressure in postmenopausal women. The subjects were 12 healthy women aged from 60 to 70 years. They were divided into two groups : the placebo(control group) and the Ca supplemented(1,000 mg/day) group(Ca group). Metabolic studies were conducted twice in the 1st and the 53rd weeks. The results were as follows : Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-choesterol levels tended to be decreased after the experiment. Serum VLDL-cholesterol lowering effect was observed with Ca supplementation(p<0.05), and also the significantly elevated HDL/(LDL+VLDL) ratio in Ca supplemented subjects whose average Na intake was as high as 4.9g per day. This phenomena was accompanied with increased Na retention and increased Na excretion in feces, but with decreased urinary Na in Ca supplemented group. However, considering much higher Na reteniton in the control group at the end of experiment(control va Ca ; 1272.3mg vs 732.9mg), Ca supplementation may have some beneficial effects on Na blance. Serum aldosterone level increased significantly in the Ca group after the exsperiment(p<0.05). With these normotensive subjects, there were no level increased significantly in the Ca group after the experiment(p<0.05). With these normotensive subjects, there were no pronounced effect of Ca supplementation on blood pressure, however, decrease in diastolic blood pressure were observed at the 14th week and end of the experiment(p<0.05). In summary, the Ca supplementation on postmenopausal Koran women appears to exert a desirables effect on blood lipid patterns related to the coronary heart diseases and to be beneficial in controlling diastolic blood pressure. Further studies with hypertensive or/and hyperlipidemic subjects are required to clarify the effect of Ca supplementation in Koreans.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.237-242
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• 2001

Colostrum deprived, newborn pigs (N=12, $1.64{\pm}0.05kg$) were used to study the renal threshold of carnitine, and effects of emulsified medium-chain triglyceride (MCT, tri-8:0) feeding on kinetics of plasma carnitine and urinary carnitine excretion. An arterial catheter was inserted through an umbilical artery, and a bladder catheter was inserted via the urachus. Piglets were oro-gastrically gavaged with one of six carnitine levels (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, $480{\mu}mol/kg\;W^{0.75}$) with (+MCT) or without medium-chain triglycerides (-MCT) in 0.9% NaCl solution. Blood was sampled into heparinized tubes at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, and 20 h after gavage, and urine was collected and pooled into 1 h or 2 h composite samples to determine free- and short-chain carnitine concentrations. Plasma from the 12 newborn piglets before gavage contained $10.6{\pm}1.2{\mu}mol/L$ free carnitine and $7.2{\pm}0.6{\mu}mol/L$ acid-soluble acyl carnitine. The renal threshold for carnitine was similar between the MCT and the +MCT group (42.6 13.1 and $46.4{\pm}2.0{\mu}mol/L$, respectively), but the correlation between plasma free carnitine and urinary excretion was altered. Plasma free carnitine linearly increased with increasing carnitine dosage (-MCT group, $R^2=0.95$, p<0.001; +MCT group, $R^2=0.91$, p<0.001), but was decreased by 50% when medium-chain triglycerides were fed. The peak in plasma free carnitine concentration was depressed by medium-chain triglycerides feeding also. Therefore, the plasma and urinary short-chain/free carnitine ratio of the +MCT group was increased by 100% and 40%, respectively (p<0.01). Feeding of medium-chain triglycerides may delay plasma carnitine elevation via altering the kinetics of absorption. Similarly, the plasma and urinary short-chain/free carnitine ratio were affected by interaction between medium-chain triglycerides and time (p<0.01). The present study suggests that an oral carnitine dose over $480{\mu}mol/kg\;W^{0.75}$ may be needed to reach the free carnitine renal threshold within a short period, especially when provided together with medium-chain triglyceride.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between sodium excretion and obesity for healthy adults in the Gwangju area. Methods: The participants included 80 healthy adults aged 19 to 69 years in Gwangju. The dietary intake and sodium excretion were obtained using the 24-hour recall method and 24 hour urine collection. The participants were classified into two groups according to the amount of urinary sodium excretion: (${\leq}141.75mmol/dL$, > 141.75 mmol/dL). Results: After adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the high excretion of sodium group was significantly higher for weight, body mass index, body fat mass, percent body fat, visceral fat area (VFA), waist circumference, hip circumference, and WHR. The energy and nutrients intake were significant after adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income. The LSE group had a significantly higher fat intake and Na/K intake ratio. The HSE group had significantly higher fiber intake, and K intake. As the amount of urinary sodium excretion increased, the risk of obesity before correction was 3.57 (95% CI: 1.13-11.25) times greater, and the risk of obesity of T3 increased significantly by 3.33 times (95% CI: 1.05-10.59). After correcting for sex and age, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 4.23 times (95% CI: 1.11-16.06), and after correcting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 6.81 times (95% CI: 1.44-32.19) the risk of obesity. Conclusions: An association exists between sodium excretion and obesity in Korean adults. In this study, the high excretion of sodium group was obese and the risk of obesity was higher than the low excretion of sodium group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.305-316
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• 1988

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of the dietary nutrients to blood pressure among preschool children in Seoul and to concurrently study the effect of seasonal variance on the aforementioned relationship. The subjects of the study consisted of 203 preschool children aged four to six years. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, pulse rate and blood pressure, urinary excretion of five cations(Na, K, Ca, P, Mg), creatinine and urea nitrogen and dietary questionaires concerning sodium, potassium calcium and phosphorus were taken during the two periods of summer(Aug. 1986)and winter(Feb, 1987). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The daily urinary excretion of five cations, creatinine and urea nitrogen is summer and winter was as follows; The sodium content was 57.8 mEq in the summer and 59.4 mEq in the winter ; potassium 20.4 mEq and 23.0 mEq, respectively ; calcium, 5.5 mEq and 3.6 mEq, respectively ; and phosphorus, 27.4 mEq and 19.9 mEq, respectively. Only calcium and phosphours excretions in the urine showed significant differences per season(p<0.05). 2) The average dietary intake per day of sodium was 2349mg in the summer and 2155mg in the winter ; potassium consumption was 1425mg in the summer and 1448mg in the winter ; intake of calcium was 472mg in the summer and 500mg in the winter ; and phosphours consumption was 642mg in the summer and 634mg in hte winter. The sodium-to-potassium consumption ratio 1.6 and 1.5, respectively, in the summer and in the winter and the calcium-to-phosphorus ration was 0.7 in the summer and 0.8 in the winter. The dietary calcium intake showed significant differences between the seasons. 3) The principal source of sodium consumption among preschool children was from seasoning-including talbe salt, soy sauce and instant sauce-which accounted for higher then 45% of the sodium intake in both seasons. The main source of potassium was frutis and vegetables which accounted for 29.6% of the potassium intake in the summer and 25.7% in the winter. Milk and milk products were the primary dource of calcium(higher then 40% in both seasons) 4) In the summer, urinary phosphours levels were weakly reated to systolic blood pressures. (0.05

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to investigate sodium intake and protein metabolism for pregnant women in Korea. The relationship between salt consumption and hypertension, electrolyte changes in pregnancy, and the tendency of weight gain of pregnant women were also examined. The dietary survey and twelve or twenty-four hour's urine collection was performed in this study. The subjects were pregnant women who came to gynecology clinic for prenatal care from July to August in 1984. The results were as follows: 1) Intakes of calorie and iron of Korean pregnant women were 2,036 Kcal and 16mg per day per person. The calorie composition consists of 65% carbohydrate, 16% protein, and 19% lipids. The average level of all nutrients was about 87% of Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances. 2) The sodium intakes in pregnant women estimated by dietary survey was 318.6 mEq Na (7,966 mg Na), which is equivalent to 20.2 g NaCl. 3) Daily sodium excretion was 112.5 mEq per liter, that is equal to 147.4 mEq. Potassium excretion was 24.95 mEq per liter and creatinine excretion was 594.0 mg per day. 4) There were statistically significant correlations between sodium intake and the excretions of sodium, potassium and creatinine. The blood pressure was positively correlated with sodium intakes. As sodium and potassium ratio was increased, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were also significantly increased 5) Urinary nitrogen and creatinine ratio known to be reliable index for nutritional status of protein was 5.5 : 1. These values were comparable to the values in American pregnant women. 6) The weight gain during the pregnancy was examined. There was little weight gain during the first trimester, because of nausea, vomit and decrease of appetite. The weight gain during the second trimester was 4.9Kg, and 11.1Kg for third trimester.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 2008

Purpose : Our aim was to investigate the predictive factors for detecting grade III-V vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) in young infants less than 3 months with urinary tract infections (UTI). Methods : Data of infants who underwent ultrasonography and VCUG between January 2004 and September 2007 were reviewed. Age, gender, incidence of bacteremia, C-reactive protein(CRP) and imaging studies were compared between group I(grade III-V VUR) and group II (normal or grade I and II VUR) retrospectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, odds ratio, and likelihood ratio of ultrasonography for high grade VUR were evaluated. Results : Among 54 enrolled infants(41 males, 13 females), 14 infants were group I and 40 infants were group II. In the group I, CRP level was significantly higher(6.11$\pm$5.18 vs. 3.27$\pm$3.45, P=0.025), and there were more ultrasonographic abnormal findings(71.4%, vs. 22.5%, P=0.002) compared with group II. However, ultrasonography was the only significant factor after adjusting with logistic regression(P=0.002). Incidence of bacteremia and abnormal DMSA findings were not significantly different in two groups. Sensitivity, specificity, and odds ratio of ultrasonography was 71.4%, 77.5%, 6.9 respectively. Negative predictive value was 88.6% and negative likelihood ratio was 0.37. Ultrasonography had significant negative likelihood ratio for grade III-V VUR, but missed 4 infants with grade III VUR. Conclusion : We could not find any alternative predictive factors to reduce VCUG in detecting high grade VUR. Therefore, VCUG must be considered in young infants less than 3 months with UTI.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1974

This study was carried out to investigate the acute changes in R-A-A system following lasix administration, and to evaluate the materials in plasma R-A-A system and electrolytic excretion every 30 minutes for 2 hours after lasix administration with normal high sodium Korean food, moderate sodium restriction, and severe sodium restriction, and it was concluded as followed; 1. Plasma renin activity, angiotensin II concentration, and aldosterone concentration elevated in course of time after lasix administration with high sodium Korean food, but the R-A-A system takes insignificant part because of the increasing rate was so slight. 2. Although the increasing rate of plasma renin activity reached lower levels, angiotensin II and aldosterone concentration were significantly increased after lasix administration with moderate sodium restriction. 3. It was observed that higher rise in aldosterone concentration following lasix administration during severe sodium restriction than when moderate sodium restriction. 4. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion during two hours after lasix administration showed decrease as little as the amount of sodium intake, but K/Na excretion ratio showed increase with small amount of sodium intake because of the decreasing rate of potassium was low value. 5. Sodium excretion after lasix administration reached more than 1.5 times of sodium intake, even though R-A-A reaction showed significantly. 6. As our results showed, R-A-A reaction following acute diuresis was insignificant with high sodium Intake, the increasing ratio of aldosterone concentration showed high rise compare with of plasma renin activity as little as the amount of sodium intake, and the participated rate in sodium reabsorption of R-A-A system was increased.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2011

Purpose : Hypercalciuria has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis associated with polyuria. We have measured the amount of calcium excretion in the urine from children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and studied the association with enuresis. Methods : Thirty-six children (20 males and 16 females, age 5 to 15.6 years) presenting with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis were recruited for this study. Results : Among 36 patients, 6 patients had hypercalciuria, providing a 16.7% frequency. The mean Ca/Cr ratio of hypercalciuria group showed $0.23{\pm}0.10$ on daytime, and $0.33{\pm}0.10$ on nighttime showing higher values in nighttime, but it was not statistically significant. Average 24 hour calcium excretion was 8.95 mg/kg. Night/day time urine volume ratio in hypercalciuria group was $0.87{\pm}0.20$, and that in normocalciuria group was $0.81{\pm}0.33$, also showing no difference. Daytime Ca/Cr ratio and nighttime Ca/Cr ratio from all enuresis patients showed a significant correlation (P=0.0001). However, Ca/Cr ratio between daytime and nighttime urine volume had no significant correlation, respectively (daytime P=0.08; nighttime P=0.07). Also, daytime and nighttime Na concentration, urea concentration, and osmolality also had no significant correlation with urine Ca/Cr ratio, respectively. Conclusion: Hypercalciuria shown in some of enuresis patients is not directly caused by primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.658-663
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on utilizations of various minerals, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn. Intakes, serum levels, and excretions of these minerals were analyzed and compared in rats fed diet with 100, 200, 400% of iron requirement (Fe, 2Fe, 4Fe groups) for 6 weeks. The feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were not significantly different among the groups. Serum Fe of 2Fe group was significantly lower than other two groups, and serum Zn of 4Fe group was highest. Mineral intakes were not significantly different among three groups. With iron supplementation, urinary excretions of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn were elevated, but fecal excretions of minerals were not significantly different. And the daily retentions of Na and Fe were significantly elevated, but apparent absorbabilities of minerals were not significantly different. In summary, according to iron supplementation, mineral absorbabilities were not different but urinary excretions of some minerals were increased. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate iron intake and well-balanced diet are more desirable than nutrient supplementation for mineral balance.