• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.23-29
• /
• 2017

Objective : Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood uric acid levels, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing worldwide. Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus (AO) belonging to Zingiberaceae is one of well-known traditional medicines in China and Korea, and has been used to treat intestinal disorders, urosis, diuresis, and chronic glomerulonephritis traditionally. However, the effect of AO has not been studied. In this study we investigated the anti-hyperuricemic effect of AO, and the mechanisms underlying the effect in potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemic rats. Methods : To examine the anti-hyperuricemic effects of the AO extract, serum uric acid levels were analyzed in normal and PO-induced hyperuricemic rats. The mechanism underlying the effects of the AO extract on uric acid levels was studied through xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity test and uric acid uptake assay in vitro. The chemical finger printing of the AO extract was analyzed using HPLC-DAD. Results : The AO extract significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in normal as well as PO-induced hyperuricemic rats. It also significantly inhibited the uptake of uric acid in oocytyes and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) expressing urate transporter (URAT)1, but not XOD activity in vitro. The chemical finger printing analysis of the AO extract showed nootkatone as a main component. Conclusion : The AO extract exhibits anti-hyperuricemic effects, and these effect were accompanied by increasing excretion of uric acid in kidney. Therefore, the AO extract could be used for prevention or treatment of hyperuicemia and gout.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제38권5호
• /
• pp.1282-1291
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 NaF 경구 투여가 Sprague Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐의 혈청 중 non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid 및 전해질 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여, 기본식이를 급여한 대조군인 BG군과 기본식이에 NaF 경구 투여군(NF3~50군) 9그룹의 식이군으로 나누어 5주간 실험사육을 행하였다. 흰쥐의 NEFA와 BUN, creatinine, uric acid 농도는 NaF 농도에 비례적으로 증가하였으며, 고농도의 NaF 투여군에서 대조군보다 유의적인 차이로 높게 관찰되었다(𝛼=0.05). 한편, 전해질 농도 중 total calcium (T-Ca)과 인(Pi) 농도는 대조군보다 NaF 투여군에서 낮게 동정되었으며, NaF 20 mg 이상 경구 투여한 군에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다(𝛼=0.05). 흰쥐의 NaF 경구 투여 처리는 농도가 증가함에 따라 NEFA 및 BUN, creatinine, uric acid의 농도가 상승하였으며, 전해질 농도는 저하되는 것으로 나타나 신장 기능 장애 등 바람직하지 않은 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Diabetes and Metabolism Journal
• /
• 제42권6호
• /
• pp.529-537
• /
• 2018

Background: Serum albumin and uric acid have been positively linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the association of MetS incidence with the combination of uric acid and albumin levels has not been investigated. We explored the association of albumin and uric acid with the risk of incident MetS in populations divided according to the levels of these two parameters. Methods: In this retrospective longitudinal study, 11,613 non-MetS participants were enrolled among 24,185 individuals who had undergone at least four annual check-ups between 2006 and 2012. The risk of incident MetS was analyzed according to four groups categorized by the sex-specific medians of serum albumin and uric acid. Results: During 55,407 person-years of follow-up, 2,439 cases of MetS developed. The risk of incident MetS increased as the uric acid category advanced in individuals with lower or higher serum albumin categories with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.386 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.236 to 1.554) or 1.314 (95% CI, 1.167 to 1.480). However, the incidence of MetS increased with higher albumin levels only in participants in the lower uric acid category with a HR of 1.143 (95% CI, 1.010 to 1.294). Conclusion: Higher levels of albumin were associated with an increased risk of incident MetS only in individuals with lower uric acid whereas higher levels of uric acid were positively linked to risk of incident MetS regardless of albumin level.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제25권8호
• /
• pp.1177-1181
• /
• 2004

The determination of uric acid in urine samples was studied by a chemiluminescence measurement using tris (2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-octylphenylpolyglycolether [Ru$(bpy)_3^{2+}$ -OPE] system. The oxidized uric acid by Ce(IV) excited Ru$(bpy)_3^{2+}$ to emit a chemiluminescence in this system so that the intensity was stoichio-metrically dependent upon the concentration of uric acid. In a reaction cell, a luminescent reagent, oxidant, surfactant and sulfuric acid were flowed into and mixed with a taken sample. Experimental conditions were optimized to obtain the maximum intensity of chemiluminescence. Each reactant solution of more than the following concentration gave a good result: $2\;{\times}\;10^{?4}$ M Ru$(bpy)_3^{2+}$ , 0.01 M Ce(IV), 6% OPE, and 0.33 M $H_2SO_4$. Any interferences were not shown in this process by the investigation of concomitant constitutes such as albumin, creatine, lactic acid, glucose, urea, $Cl^?,\; Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+}$ and so on. The linearity of a calibration curve was good with r = 0.998, the relative standard deviation of the slope was 3.3% and the detection limit was 5.6ng/mL. The recoveries of 80 to 91% were obtained from the standard spiked samples. The values were little bit low, but this procedure could be considered to be reliable for the determination of trace uric acid in urine samples.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.201-207
• /
• 2017

Measuring the pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a non-invasive method for evaluating the stiffness of the vessel wall. While previous studies investigated the association of uric acid level with arterial stiffness, most did not consider smoking status and obesity as covariates. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between uric acid levels and arterial stiffness, considering smoking status and obesity. We studied 3390 subjects (1940 males and 1450 females). Abnormal PWV was also defined as the highest quartile of values in the subjects. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, t-test, and multiple regression analysis. Approximately 41.9% of men and 3.7% of women were current smokers. Prevalence of hypertension was 11.4% in men and 7.0% in women. In women, hyperuricemia was associated with abnormal PWV (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.03~2.43). Hyperuricemia was also associated with abnormal PWV (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.01~5.59) in non- or light male smokers with normal blood pressure. This study suggests that uric acid is associated with arterial stiffness in women and non-smoking men.

• 전기화학회지
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.232-234
• /
• 2000

전기화학적인 방법으로 요산을 정량함에 있어서 전극의 활성을 증가시키기 위하여 초음파를 조사하여 요산의 정량을 시도하였다. 요산의 정량의 최적조건을 조사하기 위하여 초음파의 세기, 시간, 전해질 용액의 pH, 온도 등의 영향을 조사하였고 전극의 안정성에 대해서도 조사하였다. 최적 조건은 $25.0^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0,초음파의 파워 $20W/cm^2$의 조건이었으며 $8.0{\times}10^{-6}\~5.0\times10^{-4}M$의 직선범위를 가졌고, 검출한계는 $6.5\times10^{-6}M$이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.46-52
• /
• 1996

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the water extract of the puffer fish Fugu xanthopterus(FXH) on the alcohol induced hyperuricemia. The normal group and the FXH treated group showed no sigbificant changes in the levels of blood uric acid but, the blood uric acid significantly decreased in the FXh treated rats with 100mg/kg for two weeks compared to the ethanol treated group. There were no significant changes in the activities of uricase, adenosine deaminase, guanine deaminase, and purine uncleoside phosphorylase, among all the test group. But the activitis of liver xanthine oxidase were recovered to the normal level in ethanol +FXH treated group comparing to the ethanol treated group. Furthermore, ethanol+FXH treated rats showed the similar pattern in the levels of blood uric acid and urinary allantoin with normal group. These results indicate that the decreased blood uric acid by the FXH treatment of the alcohol induced hyperuricemia rats may result from decreased activity of hepatic xanthine oxidase.

• 대한약리학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.67-76
• /
• 1971

The excretion of uric acid in man has been of great interest because of its importance as an end product in purine metabolism as well as of its role in causing gout. There are many differences in the modes of renal handling of urate among various species of animals. Uric acid actively secreted by the renal tubules of most vertebrate including amphibians, reptiles, and birds. On the other hand, in most mammals net tubular reabsorption of urate appears to be occurred with some exception, such, as Dalmatian dog. In the rabbits, however, the mechanism of renal excretion of uric acid has long been a subject of controversial results. Within a given group it was possible to find individuals with either net secretion or net reabsorption of urate depend on the experimental conditions. Excretion of urate can be depressed or enhanced by a variety of drugs belonging mainly to the aromatic acid group. Diodrast, probenecid, cinchophen and salicylates have been reported as uricosuric agents, on the other hand, lactate, benzoate, pyrazinoic acid, acetazolamide and chlorothiazide are known to be contraindicated to use for the patient with gout since these agents depress the excretion of uric acid from the kidney. However, complex and sometimes the paradoxical effects on the urate excretion by those above mentioned drugs are not uncommon. The experiments were designed to investigate the mechanisms of renal handling of urate as well as the effects of variety of drugs on the tubular transport of uric acid in the rabbits. Male or female white rabbits, from 1.5 to 2.5 kg in weight, were used. The experimental methods used in these studies were clearance, stop-flow, and retrograde injection techniques. The effects of saline, salicylate, chlorothiazide and probenecid were investigated in each experimental conditions. Results of the experiments were summarized as follows; 1. In the rabbits, the rate of urate clearance was always lower than the rate of inulin clearance. The filtration fraction of the urate was one third on an average, therefore, it is estimated that approximately two thirds of filtered urate was reabsorbed. 2. In the kidneys of rabbits, the urate clearance was increased significantly by administration of chlorothiazide and decreased by probenecid. The administration of salicylate had no effect on the rate of urate clearance. The filtration fraction of urate was increased by chlorothiazide and decreased by probenecid. 3. In the stop-flow studies, the U/P ratio of urate was higher than the U/P ratio of inulin in the proximal region, indicating the secretion of uric acid in the proximal tubules. The proximal peak was increased by chlorothiazide and inhibited by probenecid.4. In the retrograde injection studies, the reabsorption of urate in the proximal region was observed, and these reabsorptive transport of urate was depressed by either probenecid or by chlorothiazide. 5. No distal tubular activity was observed under any of these experimental conditions concerning urate transport. The results of these experiments show that probenecid inhibits both secretory and reabsorptive transport of uric acid in the kidney of the rabbits. The enhancement of secretory transport of urate by chlorothiazide in the clearance study was due to the secondary action of chlorothiazide which inhibits the reabsorptive transport of urate in the proximal tubules. It is evident that the urate transport in the kidneys of rabbits is bidirectional nondiffusive flux both secretory and reabsorptive directions in the proximal tubules.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.267-274
• /
• 1992

In order to study the relationships between the contents of urinary nitrogenous compounds and energy utilization of bird, the sum of nitrogen contents of uric acid, ammonia, creatine and urea voided in excreta was estimated as the urinary nitrogen (UN) in 13-33 day-old fed or fasted White Leghorn male chicks. Energy retention and heat production of birds were determined by comparative slaughter studies. 2.75 mg of endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUn) and 2.19 mg of uric acid was excreted constantly per kJ heat production in fasted bird. One mg of UN was proportionated to 32.26 J (r = 0.999, n = 8) of the urinary energy (UE) in fed and 32.97 J (r = 0.9998, n = 8) of the endogenous urinary energy (UEn) in the fasted bird. Also relationships between 1 mg of uric acid and 38.95 J of UE (r = 0.998, n = 8) or 38.97 J of UEe (r = 0.996, n = 8) were significant (p<0.01). The EUn (r = 0.997, n = 4), uric acid (r = 0.995, n = 4) and metabolic fecal energy (FEm) plus UEe (r = 0.961, n = 4) were increased with the increase of body weight (g/bird). Metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFn) or energy (FEm), EUn and UEe per unit diet were not influenced by the age of day or body weight. The results indicated that energy and protein utilization of bird can be approximated by the relationships among urinary nitrogen, urinary energy, uric acid content in excreta and body weight of bird.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제45권5호
• /
• pp.565-574
• /
• 2021

Background: Saengmaeksan (SMS) is a traditional Korean medicine composed of three herbs, Panax ginseng, Schisandra chinensis, and Liriope platyphylla. SMS is used to treat respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. However, whether SMS exerts antihyperuricemic effects is unknown. Methods: Effects of the SMS extract in water (SMS-W) and 30% ethanol (SMS-E) were studied in a rat model of potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia. Uric acid concentrations and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities were evaluated in the serum, urine, and hepatic tissue. Using renal histopathology to assess kidney function and uric acid excretion, we investigated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations, as well as protein levels of renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1). The effects of SMS on in vitro XO activity and uric acid uptake were also evaluated. The components of SMS were identified using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Results: SMS-E reduced serum uric acid and creatinine concentrations, and elevated urine uric acid excretion. SMS-E lowered XO activities in both the serum and liver, and downregulated the expression of renal URAT1 and GLUT9 proteins. SMS-E reduced renal inflammation and IL-1b levels in both the serum and kidneys. SMS-E inhibited both in vitro XO activity and urate uptake in URAT1-expressing oocytes. Using UPLC, 25 ginsenosides were identified, all of which were present in higher levels in SMS-E than in SMS-W. Conclusion: SMS-E exhibited antihyperuricemic effects by regulating XO activity and renal urate transporters, providing the first evidence of its applicability in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.