• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.987-996
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• 2003

In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the time-variation trend of air pollution concentration index and the meteorological conditions with CO(carbon monoxide) concentration and meteorological observation data in high-CO episode days. CO is a representative automobile air pollutant. The results are as follows; 1. Most of the high-CO episode days within 30 classes appeared in winter season. 2. Most of them appeared under the surface weather conditions with east-west high-pressure system. The surface winds in this high-pressure area were very light. 3. The high-CO episode days were due to unusual accumulation within urban atmosphere in the morning. 4. The Atmospheric stabilities were more stable, and then the wind-ventilation conditions were worse than yearly mean atmospheric condition in Daegu.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2008

In order to improve the atmosphere within Historic and Culturally Symbolic Street- DongChun-Dang street which represents the historical characteristics of Daejeon- this study aims to derive improvement methods by analyzing preceding studies, identify problems and offer the directions that could make historic cultural street, and propose the guidelines could apply to new district development at historic cultural area. The research results are as follows : First, method for improvement of historic cultural street is not fragmentary but integrated. Second, we suggested plans for improvement of DongChun-Dang street. Third, to make historic cultural images of streets, it is considered that guidelines include volumes, colors of surrounding buildings and designs of street furnitures have to be provided on the new urban or district development at historic cultural area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.196-202
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• 2005

Recently, hospital architecture has acknowledged remedial value of environment and atmosphere, which consider patient's statement of physical, spiritual, psychological and social focus, escape from the past focus of functional and rational space composition. The many research of hospital architecture just analyze elements of architectural planing which focus how to make a healing environment for patients. The purpose of this study is to abstract the design principle of architectural space composition for healing environment significance, through case study which follow up space composition. To abstract healing environment significance by space composition, each case study hospitals should be analyzed and estimated on the spatial composition elements. It is to provide the basic data for effective architectural planning of the hospital.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.17-21
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• 2009

The fire whirl occurring in the urban and/or wildland fire is generated by the instabilities of atmosphere. The fire whirl is a rare phenomenon, but highly destructive because it has high inhalation and lift force. In this study, experimental study is performed with oriental oak leaves, for investigating of the fire whirl characteristics occurred in wildland fire. As a result of experiment, the circulation intensity increases as increasing of the induced air velocity, and then the fire whirl occurs. Also, the heat release rate and flame height increase 22% and 18% in highest circulation.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.367-372
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• 2002

Asian dust aerosol layer of 4-6 km altitude accompanied by low clouds was observed by LIDAR and sky-radiometer in Tokyo urban area on April 10, 2001. To synthesize the top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance, radiative transfer simulation conducted assuming aerosol/cloud vertical structure and aerosol size distribution that were modeled after the ground observations. The refractive index of Asian dust is derived from a laboratory measurement of sampled Chinese soil particles. The synthesized TOA reflectance is compared to the SeaWiFS-derived one sampled at the low cloud pixels whose airmass is the same as the one passed at the observation site. While the two TOA reflectances compare generally well with few percent difference in reflectance, possible sources of the discrepancy are discussed.

• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.413-421
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• 2016

Climate Analysis Seoul (CAS) which provides gridded data relevant for thermal assessment was applied to one of the urban green areas, the Seonjeongneung, in Seoul, Korea. The thermal environment in the Seonjeongneung was evaluated from the CAS simulation for the five heat-wave issued cases during the last five years (2011~2015). The CAS has been improved continuously since it was developed. An updated version with a higher resolution of the CAS simulation domain and an addition of the vegetation information was used in this study. The influence of vegetation in the Seonjeongneung is estimated through the amount of the cold air generation ($Q_{ca}$) and air temperature deviation at each grid points, which are calculated by incorporating Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis on the simulation domain and meteorological analysis with the METeorology and atmospheric PHOtochemistry mesoscale MODel (MetPhoMod) in the CAS. The average amount of the cold air generation ($Q_{ca}$) at the Seonjeongneung is about $25.5m^3m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for the whole cases, and this value is similar to the ones in a forest or a well-wooded region. The average value of the total air temperature deviation (TD) is $-2.54^{\circ}C$ at the Seonjeongneung for the five cases. However, this cooling effect of the urban green area disappeared when the region is replaced by high-rise buildings in the CAS simulation. The $Q_{ca}$ drastically decreases to about $1.1m^3m^{-2}h^{-1}$ and the average TD shows an increase of $1.14^{\circ}C$ for the same events. This result shows that the vegetation in the Seonjeongneung supposes to keep down temperature during the heat-wave issued day and the average cooling effect of the green region is $3.68^{\circ}C$ quantitatively from the TD difference of the two simulations. The cooling effect represented with the TD difference is larger than $0.3^{\circ}C$ within 200 m distance from the boundary of the Seonjeongneung. Further improvements of the thermodynamical and advection processes above the model surface are required to consider more accurate assessment of the cooling effect for the urban green area.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.147-168
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• 2012

Among all hazardous air pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are more significant owing to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic properties. Many researchers worldwide have focused on determining the concentrations of PAHs in ambient air. However, the literature survey reveals that the seriousness of air pollution in Asia in terms of PAHs, compared to the rest of the world. Owing to the importance of PAHs in Asia, this paper reviews the concentrations of PAHs in Asia in recent years. For convenience, this paper describes the concentrations of PAHs in developed Asian countries reported during 2000-2011 as Part-I and in developing Asian countries as Part-II. The first section of this review provides a brief description of the properties, sources of PAHs and the health effects caused by their presence in the atmosphere. The ambient air PAH concentrations in both particle and vapor phases in developed Asian countries are then discussed. This study finds the ambient air concentrations of PAHs in developed Asian countries was higher than the Western countries but was lower than the developing Asian countries. The present review predicts the accurate toxicity due to the presence of PAHs in the atmosphere by calculating the Risk Weighted Concentration (RWC), regardless of the total amount of PAHs. The total data obtained during the literature survey is tabulated and presented as supplementary information to the readers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1879-1887
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• 2013

To investigate the level of genotoxicity over Bangkok atmosphere, $PM_{10}$ samples were collected at the Klongchan Housing Authority (KHA), Nonsree High School (NHS), Watsing High School (WHS), Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), Chokchai 4 Police Station (CPS), Dindaeng Housing Authority (DHA) and Badindecha High School (BHS). For all monitoring stations, each sample covered a period of 24 hours taken at a normal weekday every month from January-December 2006 forming a database of 84 individual air samples (i.e. $12{\times}7=84$). Atmospheric concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs (i.e. phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and fluoranthene) were measured in $PM_{10}$ at seven observatory sites operated by the pollution control department of Thailand (PCD). The mutagenicity of extracts of the samples was compared in Salmonella according to standard Ames test method. The dependence of the effects on sampling time and on sampling location was investigated with the aid of a calculation of mutagenic index (MI). This MI was used to estimate the increase in mutagenicity above background levels (i.e. negative control) at the seven monitoring sites in urban area of Bangkok due to anthropogenic emissions within that area. Applications of the AMES method showed that the average MI of $PM_{10}$ collected at all sampling sites were $1.37{\pm}0.10$ (TA98; +S9), $1.24{\pm}0.08$ (TA98; -S9), $1.45{\pm}0.10$ (TA100; +S9) and $1.30{\pm}0.09$ (TA100; -S9) with relatively less variations. Analytical results reconfirm that the particulate PAH concentrations measured at PCD air quality monitoring stations are moderately low in comparison with previous results observed in other countries. In addition, the concept of incremental lifetime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) was employed to investigate the potential risks of exposure to particulate PAHs in Bangkok atmosphere.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of PAHs in atmosphere and soil, and their relationship, accumulation tendency in soil, and its contain burden ratio (%) the PM$_{10}$ and soil were sampled adjacent to a roadside and analysed by HPLC from August 25th 1996 to September 22nd 1996 in Seoul and Kunggido area. The main results are summarized below 1. The concentration of PM$_{10}$ in the ambient air was showed in order of industrial region ($142.70\pm 21.77 \mu g/m^3$), commercial region ($136.51\pm 31.62 \mu g/m^3$), residential region ($110.12\pm 14.98 \mu g/m^3$), greenbelt region ($77.44\pm 12.12 \mu g/m^3$), respectively. 2. Distribution of PAHs concentration level in PM$_{10}$ and soil was showed in order of industrial region, commercial region, residential region, greenbelt region, respectively in all components. 3. The contain burden ratio (%) in PM$_{10}$ was attested that BbF was the highest contain burden component (21.7-32%) and An was the lowest contain burden component (0.35-1.95%) in all region. 4. The contain burden ratio (%) in soil was attested that Pb (20.5%) was the highest and An (0.8%) was the lowest contain burden component in industrial region and BbF (21.9%) and An (0.45%) were the same tendency in commercial region and Py (21.6%) and BkF (3.5%) were in residential region, Py (29%) and An (2.6%) were in greenbelt region. 5. The relationship between concentration of PAHs in PM$_{10}$ and soil was attested that the component of BbF (r=0.514) was very highly correlated, and there were significant in Fl and BaA in soil between industrial region and commercial region (P<0.05).

• Atmosphere
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

This study analyzed and compared development mechanisms leading to heat waves of 2016 and 2018 in Korea. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis Interim (ERA Interim) dataset and Automated Surface Observing System data are used for synoptic scale analysis. The synoptic conditions are investigated using geopotential height, temperature, equivalent potential temperature, thickness, potential vorticity, omega, outgoing longwave radiation, and blocking index, etc. Heat waves in South Korea occur in relation to Western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH) pressure system which moves northwestward to East Asia during summer season. Especially in 2018, WNPSH intensified due to strong large-scale circulation associated with convective activities in the Philippine Sea, and moved farther north to Korea when compared to 2016. In addition, the Tibetan high near the tropopause settled over Northern China on top of WNPSH creating a very strong anticyclonic structure in the upper-level over the Korean Peninsula. Unlike 2018, WNPSH was weaker and centered over the East China Sea in 2016. Analysis of blocking indices show wide blocking phenomena over the North Pacific and the Eurasian continent during heat wave event in both years. The strong upper-level ridge which was positioned zonally near 60°N, made the WNPSH over the South Korea stagnant in both years. Analysis of heat wave intensity (HWI) and duration (HWD) show that HWI and HWD in 2018 was both strong leading to extreme high temperatures. In 2016 however, HWI was relatively weak compared to HWD. The longevity of HWD is attributed to atmosphere blocking in the surrounding Eurasian continent.