• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2007

본 연구는 웹기반 PBL에서 메타인지의 영향과 효과적인 스캐폴딩 유형을 알아보기 위해 학부생 49명을 대상으로 하여 메타인지와 스캐폴딩 유형이 문제해결과정에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 문제의 해결과정을 문제치 정의 단계, 해결책 탐색 단계, 해결책 선정 및 정당화 단계, 해결책에 대한 검토 단계로 분류하였고 스캐폴딩의 유형은 과제중심과 과정중심으로 분류하였다. 실험 결과, 메타인지 수준이 높은 피험자는 낮은 피험자보다 해결책에 대한 검토 단계에서만 더 높은 성취도를 나타냈다. 그리고 제공된 스캐폴딩의 효과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 해결책 선정 및 정당화 단계와 해결책에 대한 검토 단계에서는 메타인지 수준이 낮은 집단에게는 과제중심 스캐폴딩이 메타인지 수준이 높은 집단에는 과정중심 스캐폴딩이 제공되었을 때 더 높은 성취도를 나타냈다. 부 연구 결과를 통해 웹기반 PBL에서 학습자의 메타인지가 문제해결과정에 미치는 효과와 스캐폴딩과 메타인지수준 사이의 상호작용 효과를 부분적으로 확인할 수 있다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1319-1332
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• 1995

Numerical analysis was performed to characterize the particle deposition behavior on a horizontal free-standing wafer with thermophoretic effect under the turbulent flow field. A low Reynolds number k-.epsilon. turbulence model was used to analyze the turbulent flow field around the wafer, and the temperature field for the calculation of the thermophoretic effect was predicted from the energy equation introducing the eddy diffusivity concept. The deposition mechanisms considered were convection, diffusion, sedimentation, turbulence and thermophoresis. For both the upper and lower surfaces of the wafer, the averaged particle deposition velocities and their radial distributions were calculated and compared with the laminar flow results and available experimental data. It was shown by the calculated averaged particle deposition velocities on the upper surface of the wafer that the deposition-free zone, where the deposition velocite is lower than 10$^{-5}$ cm/s, exists between 0.096 .mu.m and 1.6 .mu.m through the influence of thermophoresis with positive temperature difference of 10 K between the wafer and the ambient air. As for the calsulated local deposition velocities, for small particle sizes d$_{p}$<0.05 .mu.m, the deposition velocity is higher at the center of the wafer than at the wafer edge, whereas for particle size of d$_{p}$ = 2.0 .mu.m the deposition takes place mainly on the inside area of the wafer. Finally, an approximate model for calculating the deposition velocities was recommended and the calculated deposition velocity results were compared with the present numerical solutions, those of Schmidt et al.'s model and the experimental data of Opiolka et al.. It is shown by the comparison that the results of the recommended model agree better with the numerical solutions and Opiolka et al.'s data than those of Schmidt's simple model.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2004

Plate heat exchangers (PHE) have been widely used in different industrial applications, because of high heat transfer efficiency per unit volume. Basic study is performed for PHE to the application of intercooler in automobile. In order to understand the flow phenomena in the plate heat exchanger, a channel which was formed by the upper and lower plate in single plate was considered as calculation domains. Because chevrons attached on the upper plate are brazed with chevrons attached on the lower plate, the flow channel has very complex configuration. This complex geometry was analyzed by Fluent. In order to validate this methodology the proper experimental and theoretical data are collected and compared with numerical results. Finally, due to the lack of experimental values for PHE to the application of intercooler, various chevron angles and air velocities at inlet were tested in terms of physical phenomena. From this point of view, results of velocity vector, path lines, static pressure, heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number are physically reasonable and accepted for the solutions. From these results, the correlations for pressure drop and Nusselt number with respect to chevron angle and Reynolds number in specific PHE are obtained for the design purpose. Thus, the methodology of the flow analysis in the full geometry of the channel was established for the predictions of performance in plate heat exchanger.

• Architectural research
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2007

This study presents the so-called Modified Allowable Stress Design (MASD) method for structural designs. The objective of this study is to qualitatively estimate uncertainties of tensile steel member's cross-sectional structural designs and find the optimal resulting design which can resist all uncertainty cases. The design parameters are assumed to be interval associated with lower and upper bounds and consequently interval methods are implemented to non-stochastically produce design results including the structural uncertainties. By seeking optimal uncertainty combinations among interval parameters, engineers can qualitatively describe uncertain design solutions which were not considered in conventional structural designs. Under the assumption that structures have basically uncertainties like displacement responses, the safety range of resulting designs is represented by lower and upper bounds depending on given tolerance error and structural parameters. As a numerical example uncertain cross-sectional areas of members that can resist applied loads are investigated and it demonstrates that the present design method is superior to conventional allowable stress designs (ASD) with respect to a reliably structural safety as well as an economical material.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.447-451
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• 2010

In this paper, a useful die system for warm plate forging of a large axle housing of heavy-duty trucks is presented. A die system composed of material flow guide pin as well as upper die and lower die is proposed to reduce the inherent thickness reduction along the bent corner of the product which deteriorates structural strength and fatigue life in its service. The role of the pin assembled in the upper die is to prevent formation of sharp corner in early forming stage and to supply material in the lower die cavity sufficient enough to thicken the bent corner at the final stroke. The mechanism of the die system is given and its effect on corner thickness of the product is revealed by two-dimensional finite element analysis under plain strain assumption. Three-dimensional finite element solutions are also given to verify validity of the two dimensional approach and to show the mechanics of the die system in detail. The die system has been successfully applied to manufacturing the axle housing of heavy-duty trucks.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.497-516
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• 1998

A relatively simple two-dimensional multilayered shell model is presented for predicting both global quantities and stress distributions across the thickness of multilayered thick shells, that is based on a third-order zig-zag approach. As for any zig-zag model, the layerwise kinematics is accounted for, with the stress continuity conditions at interfaces met a priori. Moreover, the shell model satisfies the zero transverse shear stress conditions at the upper and lower free surfaces of the shell, irrespective of the lay-up. By changing the parameters in the displacement model, some higher order shell models are obtained as particular cases. Although it potentially has a wide range of validity, application is limited to cylindrical shell panels in cylindrical bending, a lot of solutions of two-dimensional models based on rather different simplyfying assumptions and the exact three-dimensional elasticity solution being available for comparisons for this benchmark problem. The numerical investigation performed by the present shell model and by the shell models derived from it illustrates the effects of transverse shear modeling and the range of applicability of the simplyfying assumptions introduced. The implications of retaining only selected terms depending on the radius-to-thickness ratio are focused by comparing the present solutions to the exact one and to other two-dimensional solutions in literature based on rather different simplyfying assumptions.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제64권6권
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• pp.737-749
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• 2017

A new quasi-3D higher shear deformation theory (quasi-3D HSDT) for functionally graded plates is proposed in this article. The theory considers both shear deformation and thickness-stretching influences by a hyperbolic distribution of all displacements within the thickness, and respects the stress-free boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate without using any shear correction factor. The highlight of the proposed theory is that it uses undetermined integral terms in displacement field and involves a smaller number of variables and governing equations than the conventional quasi-3D theories, but its solutions compare well with 3D and quasi-3D solutions. Equations of motion are obtained from the Hamilton principle. Analytical solutions for buckling and dynamic problems are deduced for simply supported plates. Numerical results are presented to prove the accuracy of the proposed theory.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.710-719
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• 2002

This study investigates a nonlinear inverse convection problem for a laminar-forced convective flow between two parallel plates. The upper plate is exposed to unknown heat flux while the lower plate is insulated. The unknown heat flux is determined using temperature measured on the lower plate. The thermophysical properties of the fluid are temperature dependent, which renders the problem nonlinear. The sequential gradient method is applied to this nonlinear inverse problem in order to solve the problem efficiently. The function specification method is incorporated to stabilize the sequential estimation. The corresponding adjoint formalism is provided. Accuracy and stability have been examined for the proposed method with test cases. The tendency of deterministic error is investigated for several parameters. Stable solutions are achieved eve]1 with severely impaired measurement data.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2011

This paper considers an integrated inventory-distribution system with a fleet of heterogeneous vehicles employed where a single warehouse distributes a single type of products to many spatially distributed retailers to satisfy their dynamic demands. The problem is to determine order planning at the warehouse, and also vehicle schedules and delivery quantities for the retailers with the objective of minimizing the sum of ordering cost at the warehouse, inventory holding cost at both the warehouse and retailers, and transportation cost. For the problem, we give a Mixed Integer Programming formulation and develop a Lagrangean heuristic procedure for computing lower and upper bounds on the optimal solution value. The Lagrangean dual problem of finding the best Lagrangrean lower bound is solved by subgradient optimization. Computational experiments on randomly generated test problems showed that the suggested algorithm gives relatively good solutions in a reasonable amount of computation time.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.759-780
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• 2015

Based on the theory of piezoelasticity, the static performance of a piezoelectric bilayer cantilever fully covered with electrodes on the upper and lower surfaces is studied. Three models are considered, i.e., the sensor model, the driving displacement model and the blocking force model. By establishing suitable boundary conditions and proposing an appropriate Airy stress function, the exact solutions for piezoelectric bilayer cantilevers are obtained, and the effect of ambient thermal excitation is taken into account. Since the layer thicknesses and material parameters are distinguished in different layers, this paper gives unified solutions for composite piezoelectric bilayer cantilevers including piezoelectric bimorph and piezoelectric heterogeneous bimorph, etc. For some special cases, the simplifications of the present results are compared with other solutions given by other researches based on one-dimensional constitutive equations, and some amendments have been found. The present investigation shows: (1) for a PZT-4 piezoelectric bimorph, the amendments of tip deflections induced by an end shear force, an end moment or an external voltage are about 19.59%, 23.72% and 7.21%, respectively; (2) for a PZT-4-Al piezoelectric heterogeneous bimorph with constant layer thicknesses, the amendments of tip deflections induced by an end shear force, an end moment or an external voltage are 9.85%, 11.78% and 4.07%, respectively, and the amendments of the electrode charges induced by an end shear force or an end moment are both 1.04%; (3) for a PZT-4-Al piezoelectric heterogeneous bimorph with different layer thicknesses, the maximum amendment of tip deflection approaches 23.72%, and the maximum amendment of electrode charge approaches 31.09%. The present solutions can be used to optimize bilayer devices, and the Airy stress function can be used to study other piezoelectric cantilevers including multi-layered piezoelectric cantilevers under corresponding loads.