• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2012

RFLP of PGC-$1{\alpha}$ gene of 285 Korean women was analyzed by PCR and HpaII restriction. We evaluated the correlation between PGC 1 genotypes and biochemical results, using the results of RFLP. Study subjects were divided into 3 groups: normal group (who has been average value of serum biochemical analysis), upper group (who has been higher value than average value), and low group (who have been lower value than average value). The frequencies of $H_1H_1$, $H_1H_2$, and $H_2H_2$ genotypes were 92 (32%), 85 (32%), and 108 (38%) respectively, and the ratio between $H_1$ and $H_2$ alleles was 1:1.1. There were no meaningful differences between biochemical results and PGC-$1{\alpha}$ genotypes in the normal group. But, in upper group, there was significant difference in total cholesterol (P=0.04) level. In the result of Turkey multiple comparison test, the P value of $H_1H_1$ and $H_2H_2$ was 0.059. In upper group, there were noticeable differences also in triglyceride (P=0.034) level and glucose (P=0.043) level, respectively. There were important differences between $H_1H_1$ type and $H_1H_2$ type in triglyceride (P=0.029) level and between $H_1H_2$ type and $H_2H_2$ type in glucose (P=0.040) level. This study may provide the PGC-$1{\alpha}$ genotype patterns for the amounts of lipid and glucose in the serum. $H_2$ allele (Ser482) of PGC-$1{\alpha}$ gene may be related with upper group in Korean women.

• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.321-336
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• 2016

Damages caused by torrential rain occur every year in Korea and summer time convection can cause strong thunderstorms to develop which bring dangerous weather such as torrential rain, gusts, and flash flooding. On 6 August 2013 a sudden torrential rain concentrated over the inland of Southern Korean Peninsula occurred. This was an event characterized as a mesoscale multicellular convection. The purpose of this study is to analyze the conditions of the multicellular convection and the synoptic and mesoscale nature of the system development. To this end, dynamical and thermodynamic analyses of surface and upper-level weather charts, satellite images, soundings, reanalysis data and WRF model simulations are performed. At the beginning stage there was a cool, dry air intrusion in the upper-level of the Korean Peninsula, and a warm humid air flow from the southwest in the lower-level creating atmospheric instability. This produced a single cell cumulonimbus cloud in the vicinity of Baengnyeongdo, and due to baroclinic instability, shear and cyclonic vorticity the cloud further developed into a multicellular convection. The cloud system moved southeast towards Seoul metropolitan area accompanied by lightning, heavy precipitation and strong wind gusts. In addition, atmospheric instability due to daytime insolation caused new convective cells to develop in the upstream part of the Sobaek Mountain which merged with existing multicellular convection creating a larger system. This case was unusual because the system was affected little by the upper-level jet stream which is typical in Korea. The development and propagation of the multicellular convection showed strong mesoscale characteristics and was not governed by large synoptic-scale dynamics. In particular, the system moved southeast crossing the Peninsula diagonally from northwest to southeast and did not follow the upper-level westerly pattern. The analysis result shows that the movement of the system can be determined by the vertical wind shear.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.273-278
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• 2013

Objective: This study aims to analyze and evaluate fatigue in upper trapezius muscles of adults when inputting text on a smart phone, thereby examining the risk of cumulative trauma disorders in the musculoskeletal system of the upper extremity. Method: Forty-five healthy adults were divided equally into three groups: a smartphone group, a notebook group, and a desktop group. A surface electromyogram was placed on the upper trapezius muscle of each participant, after which they inputted text for ten minutes within an ergonomic setting; their side posture was recorded on video and analyzed. Results: The spectral edge frequency values for the smartphone group, as recorded from the upper right trapezius muscles on the surface electromyogram, showed a significant decrease(p<.05). Regarding the RULA, all three groups had results indicating "action level 2". Conclusion: All three groups had results indicating "action level 2" according to the RULA, which means that additional research on the posture of the participants while performing tasks is necessary, and their posture needs to be corrected. In particular, the smartphone group has the highest levels of fatigue in the upper trapezius muscles, suggesting that the task of inputting text on a smartphone is a high risk for causing cumulative trauma disorders.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

Most wells developed in Jeju island before the enactment of the Groundwater Management Ordinance in 2002 are vulnerable to aquifer contamination due to inflow of upper groundwater having the high concentration of nitrate nitrogen, likely due to incomplete grouting in upper section of the wells. Although these wells require entire reinstallation, it is often necessary to rehabilitate the existing wells due to various constraints. Therefore, to identified the inflow section of contaminants, the thermal level sensor (TLS) technique was firstly applied for three wells, which enables to monitor temperature variations in every 50 cm depth. Then, the grouting material was injected to the upper section to prevent the inflow of upper contaminated groundwater into the entire aquifer. By applying TLS technique, it was found that the temperature deviations in the upper groundwater inflow section decreased sharply. Moreover, both the change in the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the rainy/dry seasons and the average concentrations were found to decrease rapidly after grouting material injection. Consequently, the application of TLS proposed in the study turned out to be appropriate to prevent aquifer contamination.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.433-438
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to compare a 975-nm, 500-mW GaAlAs low-level laser therapy versus placebo low-level laser therapy with regard to the immediate changes on the myofascial trigger point of the dominant upper trapezius muscle in subjects with rounded shoulder posture. METHODS: Thirty-two male college students with rounded shoulder posture and shoulder pain consented to participate in the experiment. The subjects were randomly assigned to a 2-minute procedure with either an active GaAlAs low-level laser or a placebo GaAlAs low-level laser. The pressure-pain threshold and visual analog scale on tenderness at 3 kg were measured with an algometer before and after the laser treatments. RESULTS: The active GaAlAs low-level laser group showed significant changes in pressure-pain threshold and visual analog scale on tenderness at 3 kg (p<0.05). The placebo GaAlAs low-level laser group showed no significant changes in either pressure-pain threshold or visual analog scale on tenderness at 3 kg (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: An immediate effect was observed in pressure-pain threshold and visual analog scale on tenderness at 3 kg following a 2-minute application ($857.14J/cm^2$) of a 975-nm, 500-mW GaAlAs low-level laser to the myofascial trigger point of the dominant upper trapezius muscle in patients with rounded shoulder posture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.310-320
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• 2022

This study aimed to ascertain the most efficient level of compression to be applied on a particular area along the upper extremities whilst developing functionality to prevent musculoskeletal disorders among workers who frequently use their arms. The compression areas were divided into upper arm, forearm, and wrist. The compression levels were applied using three types of bands. Comparisons on these bands' usability were based on evaluations of recorded brainwaves and subjective sensation response. Nine men in their twenties were selected for the experiment. The results revealed that when compression was applied, the left and right occipital lobes, plus the parietal lobe, were activated. Also, the alpha wave activity tended to increase, thereby exemplifying the compression's positive effects. The most physiologically efficient and subjectively preferred compression levels were 1.3 and 2.6 kPa for the upper arm and wrist. Furthermore, the compression level at the forearm should be at least 2.0 kPa.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.398-402
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• 1996

This paper addresses the design and the gait control of quadruped walking robot. First, we concern the mechanical and electronical(control system) hardware of walking robot, and the second is the results of experiments. The walking robot is the most suitable form to substitute fot human being. So walking robot is worthy of research. The quadruped walking robot and control system is the simplest type of walking robot, therefore we designed a small seale robot for realization of static gait. The robot is designed commpactly and its legs are constructed parallel link type and able to move freely in space. Control system consists of one upper level controller and four lower level controllers. The upper level controller plans the walking path and commands the low level controllers to follow the planned path. The main function of low level cotrollers is control of motors. Total number of motors is twealve and they operate four legs. And robot is ordered to walk and realize static wave gait.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.839-843
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• 2008

Receiving room's floor impact sound level is been influenced to various factor of slab thickness, room size, structure etc. This study examined the noise of upper part slab and room mode in receiving room to be importance factor that influence in receiving room level among this factors. According to this study, vibration mode in slab and room mode are concentrated on frequency that is high level relatively. This causes bad effect in floor impact sound level. Therefore, method to reduce floor impact sound level is to change vibration mode using slab upper part's resilient material or reduce room mode in receiving room.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1992

Splanchnic nerve block(SNP) is performed to relieve intractable upper abdominal cancer pain. Boas, in a technique using fluoroscopy, was the first to note the difference between transcrural celiac plexus block and retrocrural splanchnic nerve block(SNB). We have experienced 10 cases of SNB at the T12 level under control of fluoroscopy. Our results support this approach as an effective method for upper abdominal cancer pain control.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.145-149
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• 2013

Objective : We analyzed the clinical and radiologic features of posterior apophyseal ring separation (PARS) with lumbar disc herniation and suggest the proper management options according to the PARS characteristics. Methods : We reviewed case series of patients with PARS who underwent surgery of lumbar disc herniation. Preoperative symptoms, neurologic status, Body Mass Index, preoperative and postoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Korean-Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI) scores, operation types were obtained. PARS size, locations, the degree of resection were assessed. Results : PARS was diagnosed in 109 (7.5%) patients among 1448 patients given surgical treatment for single level lumbar disc herniation. There were 55 (50.5%) small PARS and 54 (49.5%) large PARS. Among the large PARS group, 15 (27.8%) had lower endplate PARS of upper vertebra at the level of disc herniation. Thirty-nine (72.2%) were upper endplate PARS of lower vertebra. Among the group with upper endplate PARS of lower vertebra, unresected PARS was diagnosed in 12 (30.8%) cases and resected PARS was diagnosed in 27 (69.2%) cases. VAS and K-ODI scores changes were $3.6{\pm}2.9$ and $5.4{\pm}6.4$ in the unresected PARS group, $5.8{\pm}2.1$ and $11.3{\pm}7.1$ in the resected PARS group. The group with upper endplate PARS of lower vertebra showed significant difference of VAS (p=0.01) and K-ODI (p=0.013) score changes between unresected and resected PARS groups. Conclusion : The large PARS of upper endplate in lower vertebra should be removed during the surgery of lumbar disc herniation. High level or bilateral side of PARS should be widely decompressed and arthrodesis procedures are necessary if there is a possibility of secondary instability.