• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.617-627
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• 1992

This study was attempted to observe the possibility of body fat distribution and fasting serum insulin as potential predictive factors for obesity and energy intake. Subjects participated in this study were seventeen pairs of upper body type women and lower body type women whose age weight BMI daily energy expenditure per body weight were equally matched, Waist to hip girth ratio(WHR) was measured as a criteria of body fat distribution. Comparison of eating behavior between upper body type and lower body type women did not show any significant differences in meal size meal duration and energy intake per minute While serum free fatty acid level was lower in upper body type women percentage of body fat and fasting serum insulin triglycerde level of upper body type women were statistically higher than those of lower body type women(p<0.05) Our data may indicate the possibility that sympathetic nervous system activity was suppressed in upper body type women which needs ti be examined in future studies. In addition since the upper body type women were dieting over the period of survey with the intention of weigh loss we can conclude that upper body type women had larger variabilities than lower body type women in terms of daily energy intake level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.451-459
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• 1995

This study was intended to figure out the effects of the amount and the distribution of body fat on the risk fators of adult disease. Sixty-four male college students paticipatied in this study, whose to find out body fat distributions were classified on the basis of Waist/hip ratio(WHR) into three groups-upper body type(UBTM), intermediate body type (IBTM) and lower body type(LBTM). Various risk factors such as adiposity, body fat ammount, serum lipid amount and blood pressure and their intercorrelations were analyzed. The three bodys type groups showed significant differences each other in weight(P<0.001), WHR showed considerable correlations with BMI and the percentage of body fat. The frequency of obesity assessed by BMI$\geq$25 and body fat percentage were the highest in the UBTM of the three groups. Thus, we could conclude that the closer the body fat distribution is to the upper body type, the higher the BMI and body fat percentage. Waist/girth ratio(WTR, P<0.01) and BMI(P<0.05) were positively correlated with serum triglyceride levels, and % of body fat was positively correlated with both serum triglyceride (P<0.01) and serum total cholesterol(P<0.05) levels. WHR (P<0.05), BMI(P<0.01) and % of body fat(P<0.01) also showed positive correlations with systolic blood pressure. From the above results, we could conclude that body fat distribution was a good index reflecting adiposity and body fat amount and that blood and serum amount of triglyceride was highest in the upper body type group showing the highest frequency of obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.221-232
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• 1992

This study was intended to figure out the interrelationship among body fat distribution serum insulin and lipids levels. One hundred forty four adult female from Chinju area were participated in this study. The survey was conducted between December 17, 1990-February 27, 1991, . The results are as follows : Wiast/hip girth ratio(WHR) and waist/thigh girth ratio(WTR) were increased with age and positively correlated with body mass index(BMI). It appeared that the prevalence of obesity in terms of BMI was higher in upper body type than intermediate or lower body type women. Correlation analyese indicated that serum triglyceride level seemed to be more closely associated with BMI and other body fat distribution indices. Analyses of the anthropometric data serum lipids and insulin were carried out by dividing the sample into three body type groups-upper body type women(WHR$\geq$0, .87) intermediate body type women(0.82$\leq$WHR$\leq$0.86) and low body type women(WHR$\leq$0.81) Age weight BMI RBW percentage of body fat serum insulin triglyceride cholesterol level of upper body type women were significnatly higher than that of intermediate or lower body type women(p<0.05) HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in upper body type women. These results suggested that body fat distribution would be relevant to chronic metabolic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 1999

This study was conducted to identify the determinants of regional body fat distribution of obesity(upper body obesity and lower body obesity) for adolescents. The macronutrient consumption pattern utilized the most important variables to test for potential determinants. A total of 726 adolescents living in rural areas in Korea had been observed for four years from 1992 to 1996 about their diet, sexual maturation, serum components and physical growth. The study design was similar to that of a case control study. Logistic regression analysis were used as an analytical method to identify the determinants of upper body obesity and lower body obesity. Odd ratios were estimated from the regression to identify the determinants of upper body obesity and lower body obesity. Odd ratios were estimated from the regression to identify the risk factors. Fat consumption pattern was the most frequent one among the three macronutrient consumption pattern of carbohydrate, fat and protein. Prevalence of obesity for the subjects was 9.5%. Prevalence of upper body obesity was higher in malestudents than in female students. On the other had, prevalence of lower body obesity was higher in females. The results of the logicstic regression analysis showed that the risk factor for upper body obesity was sexual maturity rather than dietary factors. None of the factors included in the analysis for lower body obesity appear to be the risk factor. The result may suggest that to develop a determinant model for obesity of adolescents, the model should include a wider range of variables other than diet, sexual maturity and changes in blood serum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.892-900
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the clinical characteristics of 78 diabetics by body fat distribution pattern. It was based on the survey of nutritional status, anthropometric measurements and serum components of the patients. The results were as follows: the average ages of male and female subjects were 57.1, and that of female subjects was 58.9, respectively. The average diabetic durations of male and female subjects were 4.8 and 5.9 years, respectively. In male, the ratio of upper body obese subject was 62.5% and the lower body obese subjects was 37.5%, while those of female were 69.4% and 30.6%, respectively. In nutrient intake state, there was no significant difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was tend to be higher in both male and female subjects. among the three major nutrients/calory ratio, protein/calory ratio was significantly lower in the male upper body obese subjects than in the male lower body obese subjects. Since weight, circumference of arm and waist, waist hip ratio(WHR) of both male and female subjects, body muscle mass(BMM) of male subjects and body mass index (BMI) of female subjects were significantly higher in upper body obese group, upper body obese subjects represented ore fat than lower body obese subjects. In male subjects, hemoglobin(Hb), A/G of upper body obese subjects were lower than the standard value, but there was no significant difference in the serum components between two subjects. In female subjects, Hb and A/G of lower body obese subjects were lower than those of the normal subjects, but Hb and Ht of upper body obese subjects were significantly higher than those of the lower body obese subjects.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2004

Background: Obesity is associated with menstrual disorder. Especially, upper-body obesity affects on female reproductive function. Objectives: The goals were to investigate relation between fat distribution and menstrual disorder in obese pre-menopausal Korean females. The hypothesis were tested that there is a relation between upper body obesity and menstrual disorder. Design: A cross-sectional evaluation of 66 Females (baseline age $32.15{\pm}7,32)$ with body mass index $31.22{\pm}4.05\;kg/m^2$. Body composition was measured using bioimpedence analysis (BIA) and anthropometry was done by same observer. VAS and Multidimensional verval rating scale(MVRS) were checked for menstrual pain. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) was measured for evaluating body fat distribution. Menstrual disorder and body fat distribution were compared using statistical methods. Results: TLFR and WH ratio was higher in menstrual cyclic disorder group than controls. There was negative relationship between VAS and TLFR. Conclusions: The data shows that disorder of menstrual cycle was associated with upper body obesity. WH ratio could be one of the factor of menstrual disorder. VAS was correlated with lower body obesity. Further studies for role of upper body fat distribution on female reproductive function and relationship between menstrual pain and fat distribution thought to be needed.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.141-146
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• 2005

It is very important that the ratio of Soft Lean Mass and Body Fat Mass in body composition. Generally we make an effort not only weight reduction but body fat mass reduction, and finally percent body fat is reduced. And we make an effort to reduce of partial obesity. I have one case that improvement of imbalance on the upper and lower part of the body by Oriental Medicine. We have the result that the upper part of the body composition is increased and the lower part of the body composition is decreased.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was performed to identify the effects of high frequency therapy on localized obesity. Methods : This trial was carried out in 12 volunteers. Volunteers were divided into 3 groups; upper arm group (n=4), thigh group (n=4) and abdomen group (n=4) according to local obesity type. Body weight and body fat were measured by Inbody 720 and CT (Computed Tomography) immediately before and following high frequency therapy. Diathermy was performed twice a week for 4 weeks for a total of 8 treatments. Results : In the upper arm group, body weight, body fat mass, fat area by CT scan and circumference were increased after treatment but not significantly (p>0.05). In the thigh group, body weight, body fat mass and circumference were decreased and fat area by CT scan was increased but both not significantly (p>0.05). In the abdomen group, significant differences were not found despite decreases in body weight, body fat mass, visceral fat and subcutaneous fat after diathermy (p>0.05). Conclusions : There was no significant effects of high frequency therapy on localized obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.767-776
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of body fat by three different methods and to investigate the relationship between food preference and intake and percentage of body fat in female high school dancers. Height, weight , girth circumference, and near infrared body fat(%) on were measured 112 subjects BMI body fat (%) , girth circumference body fat (%) , and anthropometric indices were also calculated . Dietary data was collected by questionnaire. All data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, correlation, and crosstabulation; analysis, The results are summarized as follows ; 1) Average age of the subjects was 16.5 height was 161.0cm, weight was 50.7kg , near infra-red body fat was 27.0% BMI body fat was 21.9% , and girth circumference body fat 20.9%. 2) Near infra-red body fat (%), BMI body fat(%) , BMI , Rohrer index , and % ideal weight showed the most significant correlations with upper arm girth. The differences in the height among subject physiques classified by body fat(%) were non-significant, but the differences in height by BMI, Rohrer index, and % ideal weight were significant. 3) The preference values of fatty foods such as meat, milk, and fish were shown to increase with the percentage of body fat, The subjects who had higher percentage of body fat preferred foods cooked in oil. In contrast, the students with higher percentage of body fat were thought to have lower food intake and between meals frequencies. It was shown in this study that higher preference values for animal fatty foods and foods containing more cooking oil induced significant increases in body fat and weight.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.787-795
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• 2003

This research studied several somatotypes for children's upper bodies in order to suggest the basic data of bodice patterns of children's clothing. By extracting the component factors from the children's bodices, they were classified into several somatotypes to recognize an individual body type. Three hundred and fifty eight children's wears were estimated as research objects to analyze their somatotypes for the 44 items representing upper bodies through anthropometric measurement and photometric measurement. The results are as follows : 1. Seven factors were extracted as a result of factor analysis. 2. Data were classified into three types as a result of cluster analysis : Type 1 was characterized as low fat body, small skeleton size, and forward belly ; type 2 as high fat body, normal hight, backward shoulder, and the lowered shoulders ; type 3 as medium fat body, tall height, somewhat crouching back, and the rising shoulders. 3. As a results of the discrimination analysis for the three types, the highly discriminated items were height, width of bosom, front center length. weight, width of waist or the length of waist. One could discriminate one's own body type by obtaining the classification function from these five items.