• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.647-647
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• 1998

(La,Sr)CoO3/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3/(La,Sr)CoO3 (LSCO) heterostructures have been grown on LaAlO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to investigate asymmetric polarization of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin flims with different electrode configuration. P-V hysteresis loop of LSCO/PZT/LSCO was symmetric. However, LaCoO3 (LCO_/PZT/LSCO showed a largely asymmetric P-V hystersis loop and large relaxation of the remanent polarization at the negatively poled state, which means that the negatively poled state was unstable. On the other hand, LSCO/PZT/LCO exhibited large relaxation of the positively poled state. The asymmetric behavior of the polarized states implies the presence of an interal electric firld inside the PZT layer. It is suggested that internal electric field is caused by built-in voltages at LCO/PZT and LSCO/PZT interfaces. The built-in voltages at LCO/PZT and CSCO/PZT interfaces were 0.6 V and -0.12 V, respectively.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.25-40
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• 2001

This paper describes the forecast of power plant construction in a competitive korean electricity market. In Korea, KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation, fully controlled by government) was responsible for from the production of the electricity to the sale of electricity to customer. However, the generation part is separated from KEPCO and six generation companies were established for whole sale competition from April 1st, 2001. The generation companies consist of five fossil power companies and one nuclear power company in Korea at present time. Fossil power companies are scheduled to be sold to private companies including foreign investors. Nuclear power company is owned and controlled by government. The competition in generation market will start from 2003. ISO (Independence System Operator will purchase the electricity from the power exchange market. The market price is determined by the SMP(System Marginal Price) which is decided by the balance between demand and supply of electricity in power exchange market. Under this uncertain circumstance, the energy policy planners such as government are interested to the construction of the power plant in the future. These interests are accelerated due to the recent shortage of electricity supply in California. In the competitive market, investors are no longer interested in the investment for the capital intensive, long lead time generating technologies such as nuclear and coal plants. Large unclear and coal plants were no longer the top choices. Instead, investors in the competitive market are interested in smaller, more efficient, cheaper, cleaner technologies such as CCGT(Combined Cycle Gas Turbine). Electricity is treated as commodity in the competitive market. The investors behavior in the commodity market shows that the new investment decision is made when the market price exceeds the sum of capital cost and variable cost of the new facility and the existing facility utilization depends on the marginal cost of the facility. This investors behavior can be applied to the new investments for the power plant. Under these postulations, there is the potential for power plant construction to appear in waves causing alternating periods of over and under supply of electricity like commodity production or real estate production. A computer model was developed to sturdy the possibility that construction will appear in waves of boom and bust in Korean electricity market. This model was constructed using System Dynamics method pioneered by Forrester(MIT, 1961) and explained in recent text by Sternman (Business Dynamics, MIT, 2000) and the recent work by Andrew Ford(Energy Policy, 1999). This model was designed based on the Energy Policy results(Ford, 1999) with parameters for loads and resources in Korea. This Korea Market Model was developed and tested in a small scale project to demonstrate the usefulness of the System Dynamics approach. Korea electricity market is isolated and not allowed to import electricity from outsides. In this model, the base load such as unclear and large coal power plant are assumed to be user specified investment and only CCGT is selected for new investment by investors in the market. This model may be used to learn if government investment in new unclear plants could compensate for the unstable actions of private developers. This model can be used to test the policy focused on the role of unclear investments over time. This model also can be used to test whether the future power plant construction can meet the government targets for the mix of generating resources and to test whether to maintain stable price in the spot market.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 2010

This study is focused on the analysis of tunnel behavior to estimate the stability on tunnel design. An estimation method was proposed as a hybrid consideration, which contains the displacement analysis by 3D numerical simulation, the maximum displacement obtained after field measurement, and an assessment of tunnel stability using a deformation analysis proposed by Sakurai(1988, 1997). The points of case study by Sakurai(1988, 1997) were replotted considering his analysis. From the new analysis of the tunnel case study, the trend line for analyzed points is analogized, which curve is divided into stable, unstable and failure zone. To evaluate the estimation method, a special shape of railway tunnel was selected, which are the Inchon international airport rail way connected to subway line 9 in Gimpo, Korea. The point s of upper and below track on the Inchon international airport rail way were satisfied to the stability of tunnel after reinforcing. Also the points shows the higher apparent Young's modulus, which resulted from improvement on shear strength by the micro silica grouting and the supporting of umbrella method. Therefore, if new analysis used, proper tunnel reinforcing method could be selected according to tunnel strain and geological property.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.67-73
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• 2017

Recently, the demand for large diameter piles has been rapidly increased in order to secure the allowable bearing capacity of pile foundation due to the increase of large structures such as high rise buildings. In this study, to improve the shear capacity of a conventional PHC pile, a large diameter composite PHC pile strengthened by in-filled concrete and shear reinforcement was manufactured. All the piles were tested according to the shear strength test method of Korean Standard. As a result of the shear test, the F-type piles which are produced without shear reinforcement occurred abrupt horizontal cracks after flexural and inclined shear cracks occurred. On the contrary, the FT-type piles which are produced with shear reinforcement exhibited stable flexural and inclined shear cracks uniformly over the entire pile without abrupt horizontal cracks. Furthermore, the maximum load of the large diameter composite PHC pile improved to 2.9 times in the F series, and more than 3.3 times in the FT series compared to the conventional PHC pile. This result indicated that FT-type piles had excellent composite behavior due to the shear reinforcement and effectively prevented the unstable growth of inclined shear cracks.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.83-98
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• 2021

This study identified the influence of employees' hybrid start-up intention (intention to start a business while maintaining a job) on the employees' self-determination motivation (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation) and prior knowledge through the Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB). We used a PLS-SEM called SmartPLS 3.0 for 126 valid samples collected by judgement extraction for office workers throughout June 13, 2020 to July 3, 2020, and empirically evaluated the measurement model (internal consistency reliability, convergent and discriminant validity) and the structural model (multicollinearity, determination coefficient, effect size, predictive relevance, etc.). Only the intrinsic motivation for realizing the hybrid start-up goal of office workers had a significant impact on the hybrid start-up attitude and subjective norms, and the prior knowledge of hybrid start-up had a significant impact on the hybrid start-up desire and the hybrid start-up intention. In order to induce hybrid start-ups for workers with unstable employment, we need systems and programs that can inspire employees with intrinsic motivation and knowledge about hybrid start-up, so follow-up researches are necessary to analyze about government systems and consulting support that can promote hybrid start-up.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2014

Recently, the number of road construction is increasing by industrial development. According to this industrial tendency, the number of traffic accidents are consistently increasing due to increasing number of vehicle on the road. This is mainly because traffic accidents are occurred by various parameter such as negligence of driver, vehicle defects, state of unstable road, natural environment etc. Lane department of vehicles from guardrail is occurring frequently. This type of accident is caused by vehicle performance improvement and shape of vehicle, weak guardrail installation and maintenance. Guardrail has the purpose on prevention such as prevention of traffic accident and prevention of deviating out of road, minimizing damage of driver and vehicle by collision as well as entry into the road through guardrail. Stability evaluation test of guardrail verifies the behavior of guardrail through the crash of truck. At this time, the crash condition has 100 km/h of velocity and $15^{\circ}$ of impact angle. In the case of ground condition, filling slope condition has relatively high bearing capacity of infinite ground towards the test. Guardrail is generally installed on road of shoulder in fill slope in korea. It is possible for stability problem to deteriorate ground bearing capacity in Guardrail in fill slope. The existed study towards stability of guardrail has been carried out in the infinite ground. However, the study on the behavior of fill slope with guardrail is not performed by vehicle collision. Therefore, In this study, the numerical analysis using LS-DYNA was executed for verification on behavior of fill slope with guardrail through vehicle collision. This numerical analysis was carried out with change of embedded depth on installed guardrail post in shoulder of fill slope by vehicle collision and 8 tonf truck crash providing at NCAN (National Crash Analysis Center). As the result, displacement and stress on fill slope are decreased in accordance with the increase of embedded depth of guardrail post. Ground bearing capacity is deteriorated at depth of 450 mm form shoulder of road on fill slope.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.179-200
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• 1996

The intrinsic instabilities of fluid flow occurred in the melt of the Czochralski crystal growth system Czochralski method, asymmetric flow patterns and temperature profiles in the melt have been studied by many researchers. The idea that the non-symmetric structure of the growing equipment is responsible for the asymmetric profiles is usually accepted at the first time. However further researches revealed that some intrinsic instabilities not related to the non-symmetric equipment structure in the melt could also appear. Ristorcelli had pointed out that there are many possible causes of instabilities in the melt. The instabilities appears because of the coupling effects of fluid flow and temperature profiles in the melt. Among the instabilities, the B nard type instabilities with no or low crucible rotation rates are analyzed by the visualizing experiments using X-ray radiography and the 3-D numerical simulation in this study. The velocity profiles in the Silicon melt at different crucible rotation rates were measured using X-ray radiography method using tungsten tracers in the melt. The results showed that there exits two types of fluid flow mode. One is axisymmetric flow, the other is asymmetric flow. In the axisymmetric flow, the trajectory of the tracers show torus pattern. However, more exact measurement of the axisymmetrc case shows that this flow field has small non-axisymmetric components of the velocity. When fluid flow is asymmetric, the tracers show random motion from the fixed view point. On the other hand, when the observer rotates to the same velocity of the crucible, the trajectory of the tracer show a rotating motion, the center of the motion is not same the center of the melt. The temperature of a point in the melt were measured using thermocouples with different rotating rates. Measured temperatures oscillated. Such kind of oscillations are also measured by the other researchers. The behavior of temperature oscillations were quite different between at low rotations and at high rotations. Above experimental results means that the fluid flow and temperature profiles in the melt is not symmetric, and then the mode of the asymmetric is changed when rotation rates are changed. To compare with these experimental results, the fluid flow and temperature profiles at no rotation and 8 rpm of crucible rotation rates on the same size of crucible is calculated using a 3-dimensional numerical simulation. A finite different method is adopted for this simulation. 50×30×30 grids are used. The numerical simulation also showed that the velocity and flow profiles are changed when rotation rates change. Futhermore, the flow patterns and temperature profiles of both cases are not axisymmetric even though axisymmetric boundary conditions are used. Several cells appear at no rotation. The cells are formed by the unstable vertical temperature profiles (upper region is colder than lower part) beneath the free surface of the melt. When the temperature profile is combined with density difference (Rayleigh-B nard instability) or surface tension difference (Marangoni-B nard instability) on temperature, cell structures are naturally formed. Both sources of instabilities are coupled to the cell structures in the melt of the Czochralski process. With high rotation rates, the shape of the fluid field is changed to another type of asymmetric profile. Because of the velocity profile, isothermal lines on the plane vertical to the centerline change to elliptic. When the velocity profiles are plotted at the rotating view point, two vortices appear at the both sides of centerline. These vortices seem to be the main reason of the tracer behavior shown in the asymmetric velocity experiment. This profile is quite similar to the profiles created by the baroclinic instability on the rotating annulus. The temperature profiles obtained from the numerical calculations and Fourier transforms of it are quite similar to the results of the experiment. bove esults intend that at least two types of intrinsic instabilities can occur in the melt of Czochralski growing systems. Because the instabilities cause temperature fluctuations in the melt and near the crystal-melt interface, some defects may be generated by them. When the crucible size becomes large, the intensity of the instabilities should increase. Therefore, to produce large single crystals with good quality, the behavior of the intrinsic instabilities in the melt as well as the effects of the instabilities on the defects in the ingot should be studied. As one of the cause of the defects in the large diameter Silicon single crystal grown by the

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.51-56
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• 2015

It has been used various pad finish materials to enhance the reliability of solder joint and recently Electroless Ni Electroless Pd Immersion Gold (the following : ENEPIG) pad has been used more than others. This study is about reliability according to being used in commercial Electrolytic Ni pad and ENEPIG pad, and was observed behavior of various Cu contents. After reflow, the inter-metallic compound (IMC) between solder and pad is composed of $Cu_6Sn_5$ (Ni substituted) by using EDS, and in case of ENEPIG, between IMC and Ni layer was observed the dark layer ($Ni_3P$ layer). Additional, it could be controlled the thickness of dark layer according to Cu contents. Investigated the different fracture mode between electrolytic Ni and ENEPIG pad after drop shock test, in case of soft Ni, accelerated stress propagated along the interface between $1^{st}$ IMC and $2^{nd}$ IMC, and in case of ENEPIG pad, accelerated stress propagated along the weaken surface such as dark layer. The unstable interface exists through IMC, pad material and solder bulk by the lattice mismatch, so that the thermal and physical stress due to the continuous exterior impact is transferred to the IMC interface. Therefore, it is strongly requested to control solder morphology, IMC shape and thickness to improve the solder reliability.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.1 s.23
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• pp.99-112
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• 1988

Questionnaires and blood pressure measurements were administered to 279 medical school undergraduates in 1987 to investigate the relationship between psychosocial factors and blood pressure as well as reliability and validity of the Framingham Type A Behavior Scale(FTA). The reliability coefficients of SCL-90-R and nh measured by Spearman-Brown haves split test were $0.57{\sim}0.91$. The factors of FTA extracted by principal component analysis were hard-driving competitiveness factor and impatience factor(2-factor solution) . The total score of nh was positively correlated with relative weight and place raised but the correlations were insignificant, and had significantly positive but weak correlations with depression, anxiety, hostility, paranoid, and psychoticism subscales of SCL-90-R. In the univariate analysis of blood pressures, relative weight and family history were significant in systolic pressure in males and economic status was significant in blood pressures in both sexes. For diastolic pressure, relative weight and frequency of alcohol intake were significant in males and relative weight was in females. After controlling relative weight, the frequency of alcohol intake for diastolic pressure and economic status for systolic pressure were significant in males. The important variables selected by stepwise regression analysis were relative weight and economic status for systolic pressure of males and relative weight and the frequency of alcohol intake for diastolic pressure. At the level of alpha 0.1, depression subscale was added to the model, changing coefficient of determination 0.206 to 0.217. In females, economic status and relative weight were selected for systolic pressure and for diastolic pressure body mass index alone, but the model of blood pressure for females was considered to be unstable due to small sample size(56). FTA was unrelated to the blood pressures in both sexes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1244-1244
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• 2001

In linear discriminant analysis there are two important properties concerning the effectiveness of discriminant function modeling. The first is the separability of the discriminant function for different classes. The separability reaches its optimum by maximizing the ratio of between-class to within-class variance. The second is the stability of the discriminant function against noises present in the measurement variables. One can optimize the stability by exploring the discriminant variates in a principal variation subspace, i. e., the directions that account for a majority of the total variation of the data. An unstable discriminant function will exhibit inflated variance in the prediction of future unclassified objects, exposed to a significantly increased risk of erroneous prediction. Therefore, an ideal discriminant function should not only separate different classes with a minimum misclassification rate for the training set, but also possess a good stability such that the prediction variance for unclassified objects can be as small as possible. In other words, an optimal classifier should find a balance between the separability and the stability. This is of special significance for multivariate spectroscopy-based classification where multicollinearity always leads to discriminant directions located in low-spread subspaces. A new regularized discriminant analysis technique, the principal discriminant variate (PDV) method, has been developed for handling effectively multicollinear data commonly encountered in multivariate spectroscopy-based classification. The motivation behind this method is to seek a sequence of discriminant directions that not only optimize the separability between different classes, but also account for a maximized variation present in the data. Three different formulations for the PDV methods are suggested, and an effective computing procedure is proposed for a PDV method. Near-infrared (NIR) spectra of blood plasma samples from mastitic and healthy cows have been used to evaluate the behavior of the PDV method in comparison with principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant partial least squares (DPLS), soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA). Results obtained demonstrate that the PDV method exhibits improved stability in prediction without significant loss of separability. The NIR spectra of blood plasma samples from mastitic and healthy cows are clearly discriminated between by the PDV method. Moreover, the proposed method provides superior performance to PCA, DPLS, SIMCA and FLDA, indicating that PDV is a promising tool in discriminant analysis of spectra-characterized samples with only small compositional difference, thereby providing a useful means for spectroscopy-based clinic applications.