• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.551-561
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• 2007

This case study is about the sampling and interpretation of soil pore water in order to understand and to predict the diffusion and behavior of soil pollution. For the measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in two representative hydrocarbon-contaminated sites, the extraction system of the soil pore water was set up with respect to soil depths and the behavior of contaminants was interpreted. The soil solution extraction system consisted of peristaltic pump, and extraction and sampling compartment, and can measure simultaneously the soil water pressure. The concentration of PAHs with respect to extraction pressure and time decreased due to dilution through soil pore water. Particularly, the concentration of PAHs was more reduced under the unsaturated oxic condition than saturated anoxic condition. Therefore, the soil solution extraction with respect to soil water pressure can interpret the extent of equilibrium between porewater and soil surface.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.191-191
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• 2017

Hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) is an important industrial resource that known to be extracted from seeds of Castor or Lesquerella. However, mass production of HFA from those crops are difficult because of their behavior or life cycle. In this study, we applied HFA synthesis related gene FAH12, RcPDAT1, RcLPCAT, RcDGAT2, and RcPDCT on bioenergy crop Camelina sativa. Furthermore, we determined NaCl or cold stress tolerance changes of transgenic Camelina. RcFAH12, RcPDAT1, RcLPCAT, RcDGAT2, and RcPDCT genes were cloned into multigene expression vector which is engineered with seed specific promoter of FAE1 or Napin. Combination of HFA genes multi-expression vector constructs were divided into Set3 (RcFAH12, RcPDAT1-2, RcLPCAT), Set4 (RcFAH12, RcDGAT2, RCPDAT1-2, RcLPCAT), and Set5 (RcFAH12, RcDGAT2, RCPDAT1-2, RcLPCAT, RcPDCT). Transgenic HFA synthesis Camelina plants were generated using agrobacterium-mediated vacuum infiltration system. Results of fatty acid composition of T1 transgenic Camelina seeds analyzed by GC-MS showed 9.5, 9.0, and 13.6 % of HFA contents in Set3#6, Set4#8, and Set5#10, respectively. Therefore, seeds of T2 generation were harvest from Set5#10 which is shown highest HFA contents, and, 17.7, 8.1 and 10.5 % of HFA contents were determined in Set5#10-5, Set5#10-8, and Set#10-10, respectively. However, 7.7% of C18:2 and 22.3 % of C18:3 among unsaturated fatty acids were decreased in Set5#10-5 than WT. Meanwhile, we confirmed abiotic stress responses in T2 transgenic Camelina Set5#10-5 and Set5#10-10 under 0, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl or 25, 15, and $10^{\circ}C$ temperature for 5 weeks. Both Set5#10-5 and Set5#10-10 showed lower growth in height than WT in control and NaCl condition. Growth of leaf length and width were similar in WT and Set5#10-10 but lower in Set5#10-5 under NaCl stress. Number of opened flowers showed that both transgenic Camelina were lower than WT under normal condition. But, WT and Set5#10-10 showed similar opened flower number in 100 and 200 mM NaCl. In cold stress, 15 and $10^{\circ}C$ treatment for 5 weeks did not showed significant changes in between WT and both transgenic lines even they showed different growth rate in control condition. Taken together, growth and development are delayed by expression of exogenous HFA related genes in transgenic lines but relative abiotic stress sensitivity is similar with WT. In conclusion, reduced C18:2 or C18:3 fatty acid composition of seed by HFA synthesis is resulted from lack of resource supplement for development at seedling stage but it is not affect NaCl and cold stress tolerance.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.256-269
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• 2011

Omega-3 fatty acids are a specific type of unsaturated fat that the body cannot manufacture on its own, so they must be obtained from food which is essential fatty acids (EFAs). Omega-3 fatty acids consist of three types which are a-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic (ELA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Especially, EFAs help to prevent skin and hair drying, acne, eczema, prevention from allergies, brittle nails, rashes, and tiny lumps. The aim of this study is to investigate improvement and protection for hair damaged by chemical treatment with omega-3 formulated shampoo. We selected virgin hair sample and divided into two groups for bleaching once and three times and then damaged hair by changing the number of hair bleaching (twice with interval of 15 minutes). Each bleached hair was treated by five different kinds of shampoo (Control, Horse shampoo, DHA shampoo, EPA shampoo, Omega-3 shampoo mixture). Apart from this, EPA/DHA 2, 5, 8, 10 and 12% shampoo were prepared and treated to hair for comparing rate of progress in damaged hair. To quantify improved condition of damaged hair, we performed Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for ultrastructure of damaged hair fraction, measurement of thickness change and BCA Protein Assay for recovery rate of damaged hair. The moisture in hair was measured by Thermal analysis machine. In results, we observed the particle of hair surface damaged by bleaching treatment were well improved with treatment with EPA and DHA shampoo. Also, quantity of protein was lowered with higher concentration of EPA & DHA i.e., 8 and 12 % then compared with horse oil shampoo in three times treatment group. It shows that bleached hair have been recovered by treating rapidly and get protective coat. In conclusion, EPA and DHA shampoo improved damaged hair, especially with EPA / DHA 12% shampoo. Also, EPA shampoo could protect the damaged hair depending on increasing concentration of EPA. Therefore, we conclude omega-3 shampoo could make damaged hair protect and get healthy hair environment.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.3 s.87
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• pp.329-334
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• 2005

The use of Polymer Concrete (PC) is growing very rapidly in many structural and construction applications such as box culverts, hazardous waste containers, trench lines, floor drains and the repair and overlay of damaged cement concrete surfaces in pavements, bridges, etc. However, PC has a defect economically because resin which be used for binder is expensive. Therefore the latest research is being progressed to replace existing resin with new resin which can reduce the high cost. Here, Polymer concrete using the recycled PET(polyethylene terephthalate) has some merits such as decrease of environmental destruction, decrease of environmental pollution and development of new construction materials. The variables of this study are amount of resin, curing condition and maximum size of coarse aggregate to find out mechanic properties of this. Stress-strain curve was obtained using MTS equipment by strain control. The results indicated that modulus of elasticity was increased gradually in an ascending branch of curve, as an increase of resin content. Compressive strength was the highest for resin content of $13\%$. And Compressive strength was increased as maximum size of coarse aggregate increases. The strain at maximum stress increases with an increase of resin content and size of coarse aggregate. For the descending branch of stress-strain curve the brittle fracture was decreased when it was cured at the room temperature compared to high temperature.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.413-422
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• 2016

With the rapidly increasing population density and development of infrastructure, the loss of life and property damage caused by landslides has increased gradually in urban area. Especially, Because Busan has high percentage of mountainous terrain among the metropolitan in Korea, it is unavoidable to develop mountainous region excessively. The objective of this evaluation is to study on landslide hazard possibility for Mt. Hwangryeong in Busan Metropolitan City using the infinite slope model considering the groundwater level. All data related to creating the thematic maps was carried out using ArcGIS 10.0. The results show that FS (Factor of Safety) for landslide is inversely proportional to groundwater level change as expected. Most area indicates stable state in dry condition, and unstable area increase due to high pore water pressure when the groundwater level rise. However, several places in high lineament density area where landslide has been previously occurred, are more stable than other places according to the analysis. This inconsistency between real situation and analysis results indicates that additional analytical method would be necessary to solve the problem. Therefore, we suggest that development of new infiltration theory for unsaturated zone would be helpful to evaluate groundwater level distribution as time goes by.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1206-1211
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• 2006

The effects of taurine supplementation on growth performance, serum and liver concentrations of lipid, fatty acid composition and lipid peroxidation in the livers of broilers under chronic heat exposure conditions were investigated. The chicks with a similar body weight were equally assigned to one of three controlled-environment chambers. The brolier chicks, which were kept at $34^{\circ}C$ were fed either with a control diet or the control diet supplemented with 0.8% taurine, whereas broiler chicks kept at $22^{\circ}C$ were fed a control diet. Both of the BW and BW gains of broilers maintained at a temperature of $34^{\circ}C$ were significantly lower than those of the control group, which was maintained at a temperature of $22^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). However, taurine addition in the diet of birds submitted to heat stress siginficantly improved BW gain (p<0.05). The feed intake of chicks declined with increases in temperature. The relative liver and gall bladder weights of chicks fed the control diet and maintained at $34^{\circ}C$ were significantly lower than those measured in the control birds (p<0.05). However, dietary taurine was found to compensate for these reductions in liver and gall bladder weights. Relative weights of abdominal fat did not differ significantly among the three groups. Serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower in the chicks fed the control diet and maintained at $34^{\circ}C$ compare to those measured in the chicks fed the control diet at $22^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Heat stress resulted in a significant reduction in total lipid and triglyceride levels, but also increased the levels of total cholesterol in the liver (p<0.05). However, dietary taurine supplementation under the heat stress condition resulted in the recovery, to control levels, of serum triglyceride concentrations, as well as the amounts of total lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the liver. The livers of chicks fed on taurine diets at $34^{\circ}C$ showed significantly higher proportions of C14:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, and 20:3, and lower C18:0 and C20:4 proportions than those of chicks fed on control diets at the same temperature (p<0.05). The total levels of saturated fatty acids decreased, but monounsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acid levels increased in chicks fed the taurine diet, as compared to chicks fed the control diet at $34^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Peroxidizability indices were significantly lower in the heat-exposed chicks fed the taurine diet than in the non-taurine heat-exposed groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, dietary taurine results in an increase in the growth performances of chicks under heat stress conditions via improvements in lipid absorption and metabolism, as well as an induced reduction in lipid peroxidation.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.439-455
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• 2019

A buffer is the major component of a high level radioactive waste repository. Due to their thermal conductivity and low permeability, bentonites have been considered as a key component of a buffer system in most countries. The deep geological condition generates ground water inflow and results in swelling pressure in the buffer and backfill. Investigation of swelling pressure of bentonite buffer is an important task for the safe disposal system. The swelling pressure that can be critical is affected by mechanical and hydro properties of the system. Therefore, in this study, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the effect of hydro-mechanical (HM) behaviors in the MX-80 bentonite. Based on the results of the swelling pressure generation with HM model parameters, a coupled HM analysis of an unsaturated buffer and backfill in a deep geological repository was also carried out to investigate the major factor of the swelling pressure generation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.699-712
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• 1996

Field scale experiments using an automated 144-channel TDR system were conducted which monitored the movement of solute through unsaturated loamy soils. The experiments were carried out on two different field plots of 0.54 ha to study the vertical movement of solute plume created by applying a square pulse of $CaCl_2$ as a tracer. The residence concentration was monitored at 24 locations on a transect and 5 depths per location by horizontally-positioning 50 cm long triple wire TDR probes to study the heterogeneity of solute travel times and the governing transport concept at field scale. This paper describes details of experimental methodology and calibration aspects of the TDR system. Three different calibration methods for estimation of solute concentration from TDR-measured bulk soil electrical conductivity were used for each field site. Data analysis of mean breakthrough curves (BTCs) and parameters estimated using the convection-dispersion model (CDE) and the convective-lognormal transfer function model (CLT) reveals that the automated TDR system is a viable technique to study the field scale solute transport providing a normal distribution of resident concentration in a high resolution of time series, and that calibration method does not significantly affect both the shape of BTC and the parameters related to the peak travel time. Among the calibration methods, the simple linear model (SLM), a modified version of Rhoades' model, appears to be promising in the calibration of horizontally-positioned TDR probes at field condition.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.3 s.164
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• pp.241-252
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• 2006

Numerical models for seepage analysis are useful tools to analyze problems and design protection techniques that are related to seepage through a levee. Though every model may have its own limitations and shortcomings, there were no generalized verifications or calibrations for the commercial models. It means that users can run the model and get the result without understanding nor taking any enough training. This paper Investigates applicability and suitability of some seepage numerical models by comparing analytical solutions with experiments in the user's viewpoint. The results showed that it is more desirable to use analyses with unsaturated-unsteady condition rather than those with saturated-steady conditions, since seepage phenomenon of real levees are changed according to water level and soil property. This study also compared the calculated unsteady solutions with the calculated steady solutions for the levee at Koa of the Nakdong River The comparison revealed that as the result, the safety factor of $2.0{\sim}3.5$ has the same effects for seepage protection techniques when they are designed on the basis of steady-state analysis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 1986

For the purpose of obtaining basic data which can be applied to processing of retort pouched shellfishes, retort pouched seasoned ark shell, Anadara broughtonii, was prepared. The frozen ark shell was thawed and seasoned with a mixed seasoning powder prepared with $10.0\%$ of sorbitol, $2.0\%$ of table salt and $0.5\%$ of monosodium glutamate at $5^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours, and then dried at $45^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. The dried seasoned ark shell was coated with $1.0\%$ sodium alginate solution, dried with cola air blast for 2 hours and then vacuum-packed in the laminated plastic film bag (polyester/casted polypropylene= $12{\mu}m/70{\mu}m,\;15{\times}16cm$), and finally sterilized up to Fo=6.0 in hot water circulating retort at $121^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes. The major fatty acids of raw ark shell and retort pouched seasoned ark shell products were 16:0, 20:5, 22:6, 18:0 and 18:3, and predominant free amino acids of those were lysine, arginine, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid and leucine. In nucleotides and its related compounds of raw ark shell and retort pouched seasoned ark shell products, the most abundant one was AMP, and total extract-N of those was chiefly consisted of free amino acids, betaine and nucleotide and its related compounds. During the processing procedure such as drying and sterilization, unsaturated fatty acids slightly decreased while saturated fatty acids increased, and total extract-N content decreased about a half. From the results of chemical and microbial experiments during storage, it was concluded that the products could be preserved in a good condition for 100 days at room temperature, and their duality could be improved by the coating treatment of sodium alginate solution.