• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.421-437
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• 2009

China has transformed her strategies for economic development from exogenous development founded on foreign capitals to endogenous development based on enhancing technology innovation capabilities since 2000. More specifically, Chinese business activities have coupled with new institutional settings which enable them to facilitate advanced technology and management methods. As a result, the characteristics of the spatial economy in China are likely to transfer from export-led developmental space to technology-oriented developmental space. In this context, this paper aims to identify the characteristics of technology-oriented space by investigating intra-, inter- and extra-firms relations of Korean FDI firms in Shanghai, China. In terms of intra-firm relations, Korean FDI firms adopted strategies for maximizing business efficiency and effectiveness by transforming their personal networks into formal networks. In terms of inter-firm relations, the distinction of Korean FDI firms' networks has been found in accordance with firm size, industrial sectors, ways of investment etc. Finally, Korean FDI firms has formal networks resulted from institutional involvement, as well as informal (personal) networks based on guanxi (inter-personal relations) in extra-firm relations. Therefore, two types of processes affecting the networks and institutional legacies of the Soviet system can be identified. First is the interaction of institutions and restructuring of pre-existing networks. Second is the insulated institutions and endurance of preexisting networks. And these two governance types have created regional economies which are embedded and over-embedded.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.8096-8105
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• 2015

The purpose of this research is to understand influence of personal turnover factors and work turnover factors on job satisfaction in career decision-making and to analyze the moderating effects of supervisor support in their relations. Meaningful difference between one group with high supervisor support and other group with low supervisor support is demonstrated in regard with a course; job burnout ${\rightarrow}$ job satisfaction, and work overload ${\rightarrow}$ job satisfaction. Hence from a perspective of the course of job burnout ${\rightarrow}$ job satisfaction and work overload ${\rightarrow}$ job satisfaction, it can be argued that a group with low supervisor support yields more influence. Also it is shown that conflicts on balancing between job and family do not have influence on job satisfaction for either group with high supervisor support or with low supervisor support. As the result of the research shows, it bears a quite significant meaning that career development/lack of opportunity out of personal turnover intentions disclose difference between these two groups with different levels of supervisor support. Especially, a group of flight attendants which females are consisted of a majority of employees would require that their supervisors have more emotional interactions with each employee, so as that better opportunity would be given to the employees. To this end, utmost efforts are needed that deep and genuine relations with a supervisor can be built up.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.17-34
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• 2001

This paper is to analyze how firms in a large firm-led industrial city have carried out the restructuring in the face of radical shifts, with focus on the strategy and the restructuring of firms in Ulsan, a typical industrial district in Korea that is specialized in heavy & chemical industry. It has been well known that the local economy has been led by a small number of large firms, including affiliates of chaebol, and its industrial structure has also been characterised as a clear dichotomy between large firms as a customer and small and medium-size firms as a supplier, which can be called not horizontal but vertical relations. It can identify some tendencies, however, that local companies have been rather dynamically changing in response to increasingly turbulent environment since the Asian crisis. Some are radical, but some incremental. These can be summarized in four distinctive but interlinked ways. First, more than half of local companies surveyed have attempted to change their production systems, mainly from the fordist mass production towards the flexible mass production, seeking both economies of scale and scope. Second, local firms have vigorously continued to reorganize the boundary of the production and the organization, by specializing products and focusing on the core competence in order to save costs and cope with radically changing customer demands in a flexible way. Third, there have been various strategies for the organizational innovation such as the introduction of team organization, the boundary blurring between the managerial and production workers and the intra-firm spin-offs, so as to improve managerial efficiency and competence in the use of internal labour market. Finally, they have tried to be more sensitive to the market and customers. These tendencies seem to be increasingly critical to sustain their competitiveness. To do so, they tend to focus increasingly not only on the competing via the product quality rather than through price, but also to seek to diversify the market and customer firms beyond national boundary.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.298-309
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• 2012

This paper studies the characteristics of the network of the Zhongguancun Cluster, the most representative innovative cluster of the high-tech industry in China at present. For this study, Zhongguancun Cluster was the first high-tech cluster created in China in 1988, the current Zhongguancun Cluster plays a leading role in the development of the high-tech industry in China. In addition, the Zhongguancun Cluster has attracted global attention and helped elevate China as a key region in terms of research development in relation to the high-tech industry. With regard to the spatial characteristics of the network belonging to the companies in Zhongguancun Cluster, purchase and producer services and information and R&D network have a strong tendency to be local, while on the other hand the product sales network has a strong tendency to be non-local. It is because the political support supplied by the government, institutional base that provides high-tech companies, producer services and information regarding producer services is relatively well prepared and managed in Zhongguancun Cluster. The spatial characteristics of the R&D network have a very strong local character is due to the location of the Zhongguancun Cluster where companies, universities and research centers with outstanding research development capacity as well as various support organizations for technology innovation within the cluster are included. On the other hand, because the high-tech products produced in this area are sold all across China as well as in foreign countries, the product sales network has a strong non-local character. Strengthening the local network in terms of the main agents of the cluster is the most important aspect in order to develop a certain industrial cluster into an innovative cluster. In this respect, if the Zhongguancun Cluster is seen from the perspective of a network, it has a basic network foundation. However, to strengthen international competitiveness, not only the local network but also the international network should be strengthened.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.484-492
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of internal organizational culture attributes on job performance and job satisfaction. Data collection was conducted from December 8, 2014 to December 20, 2014 through a self-enforced questionnaire at 500 general hospitals in Gyeonggi-do. First, the organizational cultural attributes of hospitals had a statistically significant effect on job performance. Second, organizational cultural attributes had a statistically significant effect on job satisfaction. Third, job performance had a statistically significant effect on job satisfaction. For communication, organizational development and the future of the organization as well as organizational attributes and systems of the organization were shown to increase job performance and job satisfaction, communication with seniors and colleagues, roles, and responsibilities between departments. Organizational culture had more organizational attributes than individual ones, which affects the work and behavior of the organization members. Therefore, in order to survive competition, hospitals require accurate diagnosis of hospital organization culture, maximize effectiveness of organization culture, and a desirable hospital culture. In addition, management should provide employees with a clear mid- to long-term vision to ensure that the objectives of the hospital and the goals they pursue are consistent.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.74-82
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• 2016

The term research institute spin-offs refers to new firms created by public research institutes. These spin-offs are different from other start-ups in two respects: on the one hand, they should be located in the Special Research and Development Zones and, on the other hand, these firms are supposed to commercialize the results of public R&D activities. These spin-off firms show higher rates of survival and job creation than general new firms, which means that their contribution to economic growth is not negligible. The present study analyzes the factors affecting research institute spin-offs using a random effect panel logit model and negative binomial model. From previous studies, four elements are identified as playing an important role in the commercialization of public R&D through spin-offs, namely their organizational character, research capability, technological character, and geographical location. The empirical results demonstrate that government research institutes with more researchers and patents are more likely to create new firms. In addition, the location of the institutes significantly affects the probability of their creating spin-offs and their number. When the technological stage and TLO size are considered, however, it turns out that the number of researchers and technological stage play important roles in the spin-offs.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.67-83
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• 2012

Patents are the sources reflecting technology development by research and development(R&D) as well as the tools to secure economic benefits in the market, so using patent information is crucial for decision making processes in formulating technology development strategies. Intellectual property(IP) portfolios including a set of patents related to products and individual technologies are the basic unit that has the economic meaning in making national policies and technology strategies. Therefore, this research develops a total of 69 measures to identify the collective characteristics for IP portfolios("characteristics index"), by incorporating the patent indexes that have been widely used and the patent indexes that developed recently, and applying the concepts to patent analysis that have been used in interdisciplinary studies including economics and library and information science. The results of this research produced a characteristics index manual which helps experts to identify characteristics of technological innovation systems from various dimensions. We expect that the characteristics indexes can be used as a supportive tool for comparative analysis among IP portfolios in the technology policy making process.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.45-50
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• 2004

To investigate the characteristics of phases formed in iron carbides, super iron carbide was synthesized from hematite fines with $CO-H_2$ gas mixture after reduction under $H_2$ gas at $600^{\circ}C$. Before carburization, the surface of iron powder reduced was pre-treated in the atmosphere of 0.05 vol% $NH_3$-Ar. The synthesized iron carbides were comprehensively explored by C/S analyzer(Low C/S determinator), M$\"{o}$ssbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and Raman spectroscopy at various reaction time of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 min, respectively. By adding a small amount of $NH_3$ gas, the super iron carbides containing 10 wt% carbon were synthesized, and its addition stabilized iron carbides. It was found that the $NH_3$ treatment played a major role in the formation of iron carbide without decomposition($Fe_3C{\to}$3Fe+C) of iron carbides and precipitation of free carbon. It also succeed to synthesize super iron carbide, $Fe_5C_2$, as a stable single phase without involving Fe and $Fe_3C$ phases.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.41
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• pp.201-228
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• 2011

In 97hu2200, the Supreme Court of Korea suggested five requirements to apply the doctrine of equivalents, i.e. identity of problem-solving principles, interchangeability, ease of interchangeability, exception of known arts and file-wrapper estoppel. There have been arguments on whether the standard of ease of interchangeability could be regarded as the same as the obviousness standard in deciding patentability. The side who thinks that they are different (hereinafter, the side of difference) considers that the standard of ease of interchangeability is narrower than the obviousness standard. This side criticizes the side who thinks that they are the same each other (hereinafter, the side of the same) on the reason that doctrine of equivalents can be overly expanded. On the other hand, 'the side of the same' argues that every accused invention having no inventive step from the perspective of the patented invention should be considered to infringe. 'The side of the same' points that if the standard of ease of interchangeability is considered as narrower than the obviousness standard, 'grey area' should exist where the patent law cannot work. The difference between the two side may cause contradictory results in the decision of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents. Because 'the side of difference' construes claims narrowly than 'the side of the same,' an accused invention in the grey area is not regarded to infringe. 'The side of the same,' however, considers the accused invention to fall into the scope of the patent under the doctrine of equivalents. This paper concludes that the standard of ease of interchangeability should be regarded as the same as the obviousness standard from the perspective of economics of innovation.

• Review of Culture and Economy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-135
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• 2014

This research dwells on the new paradigm of policy making of some innovative nations in Korean content industry. Especially this paper did evaluation of governmental policy in recent 5 years (2008~2012) in the field of Korean content industry. According to this research, the program of policy in Korean content industry had been obsessed to passive enrichment focusing on some part of content industry. The whole process of policy, scheme of policy and working flow of policy were very constrained in order to encourage more measurable area like CT(culture technology). Thus, we need new strong policy in this new government launched in 2013. The apparent keyword should be 'management'. New activity of policy need to focus on encourage Korean content industry in the real site of field, not in bureaucratic office in remote site. This change reflecting real filed management system would be productive innovation for policy making and activity in Korea.