• 제목/요약/키워드: University Advertising

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The Effects of Social Media Influencers' Advertising Disclosure on Consumer Responses on Instagram

  • Abdullahi, Fartun
    • International Journal of Contents
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.10-24
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    • 2020
  • As many brands use social media influencers (SMIs) on Instagram to advertise, not disclosing advertised content affects how consumers perceive these influencers. The purpose of this study was to investigate two objectives: 1) recent advertising disclosure types on Instagram and 2) the factors that affect consumer responses towards Instagram influencers posting advertised content. Using an experimental 2x2 between-subjects design (N=200), the findings show that "sponsored" and "paid partnership with" are two recent types of ad disclosures. However, both factors are insignificantly different from each other. Also, ad disclosure condition enhances the trustworthiness of the influencer than no disclosure. Ad skepticism, source credibility, and the level of persuasion strongly relate to how consumers perceive Instagram influencers advertising for brands. These factors enable consumers to assess if the influencer is a reliable source of information when faced with advertisement. Ultimately, using disclosure gives full information to consumers about the persuasive intent, as well as increases positive consumer responses towards the influencer who discloses, thereby, enhancing the ethical use of the influencer advertising strategy and long-term consumer relationship.

The Relationship between Labor Union and Advertising Expenditures: A Focus on Distribution Firms

  • SHIN, Ilhang
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.61-70
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    • 2020
  • Purpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate whether labor unions are the main determinants of advertising expenditures and whether market competition has an impact on the relation between labor unions and advertising expenditures, focusing on distribution firms. Research design, data, and methodology: Using 914 observations of KOSPI market from 2001 to 2009 in distribution firms, this paper examines whether labor union is related to advertising expenditures, focusing on distribution firms. For this, this paper employs not only OLS regressions method but also 2SLS regressions method in which Female_Ratio(percentage of female employees) is used as instrumental. Results: This paper finds that in the distribution firms, labor union, as a major stakeholder of the company is, in terms of statistic, negatively associated with advertising expenditures. Also, market competition, in this paper, doesn't have real impact on the relation between labor unions and advertising expenditures. Conclusions: This paper presents the influence of labor unions, as a major factor in determining advertising expenditures. An executive who understands that as the amount of advertising expenditure increases, the total pie of wages to be attributed to the members of labor union will decrease.

Effects of Advertising Campaign on the Salesperson's Performance: Should a Multilevel Marketing Firm Advertise Its Brand to Customers?

  • YOO, Changjo;CHO, Yooncheong
    • 산경연구논집
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    • 제10권6호
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    • pp.7-17
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    • 2019
  • Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore how advertising for multilevel marketing brands affect the salesperson's activity including customer-salesperson interactivity, work attitude, and perceived and actual performance after the campaign. Research Design, data, and methodology - This study collects experimental data, survey data, and actual sales data and applies statistical analyses such as factor analysis, t-tests, and a structural equation model. Results - The results show that advertising campaign can enhance a salesperson's selling activities and provide wide managerial implications to a multilevel marketing firm by filling the gaps for the field of advertising research. Conclusions - Managerial implications include: i) multilevel marketing firms should consider advertising campaigns as a means of changing customer responses because advertising plays a significant role in increasing familiarity with, and knowledge of, attitudes toward the brand, which also helps salespeople interact with customers; ii) multilevel marketing firms should consider brand advertising as a means to support the sales activities of salespeople including sales effectiveness, work attitudes, and perceived performance, and iii) multilevel marketing firms should consider brand advertising as a means to enhance a salesperson's pride and motivation for selling their brand, which will lead to improved sales performances.

A Study on the Meaning and Strategy of Keyword Advertising Marketing

  • Park, Nam Goo
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제8권3호
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    • pp.49-56
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    • 2010
  • At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.

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To Bid or Not to Bid? - Keyword Selection in Paid Search Advertising

  • Ma, Yingying;Sun, Luping
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.23-33
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    • 2014
  • The selection of keywords for bidding is a critical component of paid search advertising. When the number of possible keywords is enormous, it becomes difficult to choose the best keywords for advertising and then subsequently to assess their effect. To this end, we propose an ultrahigh dimensional keyword selection approach that not only reduces the dimension for selections, but also generates the top listed keywords for profits. An empirical analysis using a unique panel dataset from a large online clothes retailer that advertises on the largest search engine in China (i.e., Baidu) is presented to illustrate the usefulness of our approach.

한류 화장품 광고모델의 특성이 브랜드 개성과 브랜드 태도에 미치는 영향 - 중국 소비자를 중심으로 - (The Effect of Advertising Models' Characteristics of Hallyu Cosmetics on Brand Personality and Brand Attitude: Focused on Chinese Consumers)

  • 왕뢰;이진화
    • 한국의류산업학회지
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    • 제20권5호
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    • pp.495-508
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of characteristics of advertising model on brand personality and the effect of brand personality on brand attitude; and analyze whether the characteristics of the advertising model have a direct effect on the brand attitude or indirectly through the brand personality. A survey was conducted from August 10, 2017 until August 31, 2017, and 400 respondents' survey results were analyzed. For data analysis, SPSS 23.0 was utilized to perform descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-test, and regression analysis. As a result, five brand personality factors were derived, which are aesthetics, safety/expertise, sophistication, pro-environment, youth, respectively. For advertising model characteristics, seven factors were derived, which are credibility, visibility, attractiveness, expertise, similarity, likeability, and familiarity, respectively. This study investigated the relationship between characteristics of cosmetics advertising model, brand personality, and brand attitude. Brand personality does not play a mediating role between advertising model's characteristics and brand attitude. Advertising model's characteristics have a direct effect on the brand attitude. Consequently, Cosmetics companies should recognize the importance of the characteristics of advertising model and implement the marketing strategy by carefully selecting the advertising model so that consumers can relate the characteristics of advertisement model to the brand attitude which will ultimately lead to positive evaluation of the brand.

스토리텔링 TV광고의 특성과 효과에 관한 연구 (A study on the Effects of Storytelling Advertising)

  • 신일기;최윤슬
    • 디지털융복합연구
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    • 제12권10호
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    • pp.541-556
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구의 목적은 스토리텔링광고의 실제적인 광고효과과정을 총체적으로 설명하는 것이다. 연구결과 스토리텔링광고는 소비자들의 광고효과 인식에 과정에서 감정적 반응이 공감과 몰입 태도간의 강한 연합관계를 갖는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이는 광고에 대한 보다 체계적이고 강력한 태도를 유인할 수 있는 측면으로 해석 할 수 있다. 특히 기존 연구에서 논의된 광고에 의해 생성된 감정이 수용자의 광고에 대한 태도와 브랜드 태도에 영향을 준다는 주장이 다시 확인되었다. 이를 통해 특징적인 광고전략이 있음을 보여줌으로서 광고전략과 광고 형태에 대한 관계를 제시할 수 있으며, 광고 유형에 따라 수용자의 반응 유발을 위한 고려가 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다.

동양 문화가치관과 서양 문화가치관 표현: 온라인 광고에 대한 연령별, 성별 차이에 대한 비교 연구 (Online Advertising Contents of Eastern Cultural Values and Western Cultural Values: Comparison between Age and Gender)

  • 한상필;유승엽
    • 디지털융복합연구
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    • 제17권6호
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    • pp.69-75
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    • 2019
  • 본 연구는 동양적 문화가치관과 서양적 문화가치관을 반영한 온라인 광고에 대한 반응이 연령별, 성별로 어떤 차이를 보이는 가를 검증하기 위한 목적으로 실시되었다. 서울에 거주하고 있는 10대에서 60대 남녀 180명을 대상으로 3가지 동양적 문화가치관과 3가지 서양적 문화가치관을 반영한 광고에 대한 소비자 반응 정도를 조사하였다. 이들 두 가지 상반된 문화적 가치관을 강조한 온라인 광고에 대한 소비자의 수용 정도는 연령대별로 차이를 보일 것인 반면 성별로는 차이가 없을 것이라는 가설을 세웠다. 연구결과는 전통매체 광고를 대상으로 실시되었던 기존의 연구 결과와 유사하게 온라인 광고를 대상으로 실시된 본 연구에서도 가설이 지지되었다. 본 연구는 온라인 광고표현은 문화적 가치관을 반영하고 소비자들은 광고를 평가하는데 있어서도 문화적 가치관에 영향을 받는 다는 것을 실증적으로 보여준 최초의 연구라는 점에서 이론적 가치와 실무적 기여도가 높다고 하겠다.

온라인 광고소구 유형과 자기 검색도의 상호작용 효과 연구 (The Interaction Effects of Online Advertising Types and Self-Monitoring)

  • 한상필
    • 디지털융복합연구
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    • 제16권5호
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    • pp.207-211
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 온라인 광고유형 (제품광고와 이미지광고)의 효과에 조절변인으로 영향을 미치는 자기 검색도의 역할을 검증하기 위한 목적으로 실시되었다. 수도권 소재 160명의 대학생을 대상으로 $2{\times}2$ 요인설계로 실험이 실시되었다. 자기 검색도가 낮은 집단은 이미지를 강조하는 온라인 광고 보다는 제품의 특성을 강조하는 온라인 광고에 더 긍정적인 반면에, 자기 검색도가 높은 집단은 제품의 특성을 강조하는 온라인 광고 보다는 이미지를 강조하는 온라인 광고에 더 긍정적으로 반응할 것이라는 가설을 세우고 연구가 진행되었다. 연구결과, 텔레비전과 신문과 같은 전통광고를 대상으로 한 연구결과에서와 마찬가지로 온라인 광고에서도 가설이 검증되었다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 온라인광고 크리에이티브 전략과 효과를 제고할 수 있는 이론적 논의와 실무적 함의를 논의하였다.

블록체인 기반, 광고산업 변화에 따른 광고홍보학과 교육과정 혁신 및 진로교육 내실화 방안 연구 (A Study on the Curriculum Innovation of Department of Advertising and Career Education Improvement in Blockchain based Advertising Industry)

  • 한상필
    • 한국융합학회논문지
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    • 제12권6호
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    • pp.113-118
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구의 목적은 블록체인 기반의 4차 산업혁명시대를 맞이하여 우리나라 광고홍보학과 교과과정 혁신과 전공교육 내실화 방안을 제안하는 것이다. 본 연구는 블록체인 기반의 4차 산업혁명 시대를 맞이하여 광고회사의 인력양성 방향과 대학의 광고홍보학과 진로교육체계에 대한 관심이 높은 광고회사의 인사 담당자, AE, 그리고 제작 담당자 6명을 2개 집단으로 나누어 심층면접조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 광고홍보학과 교과과정은 아직 블록체인 기반 광고산업의 변화에 대응하는 교과가 개편되지 않고 진로교육도 전통매체 시대의 방법이 그대로 진행되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 미래의 광고 전문인력을 양성하기 위해서는 광고홍보교육은 블록체인이라는 혁명적인 변화 동력에 적응할 수 있는 전문가로 양성되도록 교과목을 운영하는 것이 매우 중요하다고 하겠다.