• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.57-91
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• 2008

In accordance with his belief that philosophical problems arise from misunderstandings of the logic of our language, Wittgenstein's philosophical investigations were always focused on the problems of logic of language. Indeed, it can be said that his investigations were logical investigations. But what was the logic as conceived by him? He regarded logic as grammar from the beginning, but between his two different philosophical periods, there were important changes in his conceptions of grammar. In his earlier period, he understood the logic of language as the truth-functional syntax realizable in an ideal notation, while in his later period he regarded logic as the rules of language-use in various language games. It was a change from viewing logic as an ideally strict and universal system in which every logical possibilities are determined to viewing logic as an open system of non-strict grammatical rules specific to each language game. This paper deals with the gists of his earlier and later views on logic and the reasons for the change of his views, including specifically the reasons for the change of his views concerning the autonomy and necessity of logic as grammar.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.7-13
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• 2003

The Internet presents a unique platform for disseminating digital content such as music, video, games, software, text, business and proprietary corporate information. It promises ubiquitous access, while at the same time fundamentally challenging the traditional rules of ownership and distribution of content. In such environment, safe protection and proper delivery of digital content would be a crucial requirement toward a new e-business model. Research on the Digital Rights Management (DRM) focuses on filling this functional vacancy of the market transition by providing a more viable business model based. XrML(eXtensible Rights Markup Language) provides a universal tool for specification of rights, fees, and issuing conditions(licenses) associated with the use and protection of digital content. ContentGuard has developed XrML to unify the Digital Rights Management(DRM) specifications and encourage interoperability. It seems that all working groups of DRM agree to use XrMl for their right description language.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2007

Hearing loss in newborns is the most frequently occurring birth defect. If hearing impaired children are not identified and managed early, it is difficult for many of them to acquire the fundamental language, social and cognitive skills that provide the foundation for later schooling and success in society. All newborns, both high and low risk, should be screened for hearing loss in the birth hospital prior discharge (Universal Newborn Heaing Screening, UNHS). Objective physiologic measures must be used to detect newborns and very young infants with hearing loss. Recent technological developments have produced screening methods and both evoked otoacoustic emission (EOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) have been successfully implemented for UNHS. Audiologic evaluation should be carried out before 3 months of age and infants with confirmed hearing loss should receive intervention before 6 months of age. All infants who pass newborn hearing screening but who have risk indicators for other auditory disorders and/or speech and language delay receive ongoing audiologic surveillance and monitoring for communication development. Infants with sensorineural hearing loss are managed with hearing aids and receive auditory and speech-language rehabilitation therapies. Cochlear implants can be an outstanding option for certain children aged 12 months and older with severe to profound hearing loss who show limited benefit from conventional amplifications.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.305-327
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• 2002

This paper is in line with the attempts to examine two assumptions implied about the role of Universal Grammar (UC) in nonnative language acquisition: Are the EFL learners at disadvantage in acquiring UC-driven knowledge? Are there critical period effects in EFL learning? Based on the research with the seven studies of ESL and EFL adult learners performance on the Subjacency violation sentences, the paper investigates the extent to which the EFL adult learners can attain UG-driven knowledge represented by the Subjacency Principle. It also makes comparison of the EFL learners level of access to UG with that of their counterparts, the ESL learners. The research findings suggests that the EFL environment doesn't prevent the learners from acquiring target grammar in UG domain. That is, the current paper strongly suggests that the EFL adult-learners be able to acquire UG-driven knowledge to a considerable extent, at least as high as the ESL adult learners can attain. For the interpretation of the research results of the seven studies, Constructionist Hypothesis (CH) supported by a Minimalist Program (MP) assumption is employed. CH seems more plausible to account not only for incomplete acquisition observed among the beginning and intermediate level learners but also for the native-like competence acquired by advanced level L2 learners.

• Language and Information
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.67-91
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• 2010

Present study examines L1 transfer effect and UG involvement in the acquisition of binding properties of Korean as second language (L2). The study especially investigates i) whether knowledge from different L1s (English and Chinese) affect the interpretation of binding in Korean as L2 and ii) whether L2 learners of Korean differentiate two Korean anaphors like Korean monolinguals do, based on their knowledge of universal form-function correlation of anaphors. 53 post-puberty L2 learners of Korean with English or Chinese L1, together with 30 Korean monolinguals, were tested over Truth Value Judgment Task with stories, composed of Korean sentences representing various types of binding with two Korean reflexives - caki and caki-casin. The results showed some effect of L1 transfer, though not always. Overall, late L2 learners of Korean seem to know the difference between the two anaphors in their properties related to form-function correlation, though their performance level was lower compared to Korean monolinguals. Detailed pattern of the results and the role of UG in the interpretations of Korean reflexives are also discussed.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.483-530
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• 2018

Unpacking and dispersing rights of various kinds formerly enjoyed by a selected few has been the constant motivation behind the democratization and modernization of human society. Human rights and later civil rights have continuously been constituted and reconstituted in response to the demands of the laboring class, slaves, women, subalterns, animals, and things, expanding beyond the boundaries of class, race, nation, sexuality, gender, species and organism. Calling attention to the ways in which literary and cultural texts have narrated rights so as to inscribe these human, nonhuman, and inhuman demands. Narrating rights offer opportunities to interrogate the lasting contributions of English language and literature to questioning, reforming, and practicing rights. The interrogation is particularly pertinent in this age in which revised and dispersed rights are creating new conflicts, requiring them to be narrated differently and imaginatively so as to allow all the parties in conflict to participate in working out the conflicts. With the 2017 theme of "Literature and Human Rights," JELL editorial collective hope to explore the relationship between literature and human rights in its multiple simultaneous, and plural manifestations in an open platform. "Narrating Rights" is a double-edged task that, on one hand, reflects the singular life conditions or contexts of a human, inhuman or nonhuman being and, on the other hand, aspires to the perpetual process of rights' universal application. Eleven out of all the keynote speakers at the 2017 ELLAK Convention were invited to this roundtable on Literature and Human Rights. The following transcription includes the dialogues of the eleven discussants.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.8
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• pp.409-427
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• 2006

This paper deals with the various conceptual metaphors of 'mind' in Korean and English within the Cognitive Semantics. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the metaphorical expressions of the concept 'mind' represented andunderstood in various ways in Korean and English, to find out the linguistically-universal conceptual metaphors underlying the uses of the metaphoric expressions. In addition, this paper discusses the differences in linguistic realization of the concept 'mind' between Korean and English from the socio-cultural background. In the traditional view, metaphor was thought only as the linguistic matters and a deviance from literal or normal use. However, within the Cognitive Linguistic view such as Lakoff and Johnson(1980), metaphor has been considered as a means of understanding and conceptualizing world. According to them, metaphor is found in everyday life because it is not only as a matter of language but also as a nature of human conceptual system controlling cognition, thought and behavior. Conceptual metaphor is suggested as a device to understood abstract and less familiar things through concrete and more familiar things. Conceptual metaphors may be realized linguistically as well as non-linguistically, in the form of movies, arts or behavior. To define the concept 'mind' shared among the Koreans, conceptual metaphors used to represent 'maum(mind)'in Korean are examined. Then they are compared with the ones used to represent 'mind' in English. This is based on the idea that conceptual metaphors represented in linguistic expressions naturally reflect the speakers' concept and conceptualization is a universal irrespective of language. This paper exemplifies the Korean sentences as well as English sentences to utilize some conceptual metaphor such as Johnson(1987)'s THE MIND IS THE BODY and shows many other conceptual metaphors used in Korean and English to represent the same concept 'mind'. What are some metaphors shared by two languages and what is specific to one of them will be shown, too. This paper also suggests that the different conceptualization or lexicalization is partly due to the effect of the oriental cultural background that is more interested in the mental world than the physical world.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.253-262
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• 2002

Without the involvement of time in animation, it cannot be possible to create movement. Therefore, tine is the important element to create animation. In animation, the expression of the emotion of character is more complicate than the appearance. Time is one of element to use for express of the emotion. It can be divided two types of time as the real time and the animation time broadly. The real time has linear, irreversible and analogue form which is in our daily life. And the animation time has multi-direction, reversible, and digital form which can be detected in the movie. For the animation time, there are many types of time that are the running time, the production time, the subjective time, the objective time, the ambiguous time and the universal time etc. This study is to extend and enrich the express as film language through various types of times in animation. Time is one of important element that can be useful method for expressing many unique scenes in film art as film language.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.539-565
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• 2009

T. S. Eliot attempted the combining of the liturgy of Anglican Church and a drama in Murder in the Cathedral (1935) and created a modern verse drama which comes most close to the regular tragedy like Greek tragedy today. Eliot chose the drama to deliver his religious insight because of its ritualistic origin and its potentiality to deliver a dramatic world which can contain a complete order. The central theme of this play is the martyrdom. The dramatic action of killing the archbishop Thomas Beckett in this play, however, is not treated as important event enough to be a dramatic climax. He is portrayed as a witness to the reality of God's will rather than a man who wills to give up his own life for any religious belief or cause. In Eliot, a martyr is nothing but "a witness" in its ancient sense. This paper purposes to review the language of this play. The various and new meters and rhythms of the language of this play function enough to bring its playwright to encounter 'the real audience' in 'a living theatre'. The interactions between different verbal models also play a big role to make this play a living theatre. Eliot found the poetry which crosses the various classes and levels of the tastes of audience is the most useful poetry. And the poetry of this play proves as the very thing which intensifies the theme of the play and gives the most powerful force to the play. Especially Eliot's poetry succeeds smost in the various and free meters of chorus, which makes Eliot the first playwright since Aeschylus, who could bring the chorus to undertake the function of extending the dramatic action of the play into the universal meaning. In the theatre the real audience identifies themselves with chorus. And the chorus leads the audience to respond to peace which passeth understanding beyond words and sounds of this play, which is the desired response in Eliot's conception of drama.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.43-54
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• 2024

Recently, there has been a lot of research on utilizing Language Models, and Large Language Models have achieved innovative results in various tasks. However, the practical application faces limitations due to the constrained resources and costs required to utilize Large Language Models. Consequently, there has been recent attention towards methods to effectively utilize models within given resources. Curriculum Learning, a methodology that categorizes training data according to difficulty and learns sequentially, has been attracting attention, but it has the limitation that the method of measuring difficulty is complex or not universal. Therefore, in this study, we propose a methodology based on data heterogeneity-based Curriculum Learning that measures the difficulty of data using reliable prior information and facilitates easy utilization across various tasks. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology, experiments were conducted using 5,000 specialized documents in the field of information communication technology and 4,917 documents in the field of healthcare. The results confirm that the proposed methodology outperforms traditional fine-tuning in terms of classification accuracy in both LoRA fine-tuning and full fine-tuning.