• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.130-137
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• 2012

Automotive engines need strategies to satisfy with the emission regulations in terms of PM and NOx. HC-LNT (Hydrocarbon-Lean NOx Trap) with secondary injection system is considered as more practical technology in order to cope with emission regulations. The HC-LNT system, which is using diesel fuel itself as a reducing agent, absorbs NOx in lean exhaust gas condition and releases NOx in rich exhaust gas conditions. In this system, inappropriate amounts of reducing agent will slip through the LNT without the profits of conversion and cause additional emission problems. Therefore, the suitable amount of reducing agent should be supplied into the catalytic converter. In this research, engine emission test was conducted to optimize injection quantity at the various engine test conditions. Different exhaust layouts and catalyst shapes have been studied and extension unit which makes better uniformity of exhaust gas was used for HC-LNT system. From this results, the effect of secondary injection conditions on NOx conversion characteristics of HC-LNT was clarified.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.374-378
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• 2021

Objective: Bilateral movement training is an effective method for upper extremity rehabilitation of stroke. An approach to induce bilateral movement through functional electrical stimulation is attempted. The purpose of this study is to develop an EMG-triggered functional electrical stimulation device for upper extremity bilateral movement training in stroke patients and test its feasibility. Design: Feasibility and Pilot study design. Methods: We assessed muscle activation and kinematic data of the affected and unaffected upper extremities of a stroke patient during wrist flexion and extension with and without the device. Wireless EMG was used to evaluate muscle activity, and 12 3D infrared cameras were used to evaluate kinematic data. Results: We developed an EMG-triggered functional electrical stimulation device to enable bilateral arm training in stroke patients. A system for controlling functional electrical stimulation with signals received through a 2-channel EMG sensor was developed. The device consists of an EMG sensing unit, a functional electrical stimulation unit, and a control unit. There was asymmetry of movement between the two sides during wrist flexion and extension. With the device, the asymmetry was lowest at 60% of the threshold of the unaffected side. Conclusions: In this study, we developed an EMG-triggered FES device, and the pilot study result showed that the device reduces asymmetry.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.143-184
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to explore the present and future agricultural extension system and international cooperation systems for agricultural technologies in Ghana. The role of agricultural extension in the next decade should be quite different from what it was 10 years ago or even now. Its role as a facilitator of agricultural knowledge system would only increase as more participants from private sector would get involved in extension. The public sector extension would still continue to be the major extension provider in most parts of the country as the private sector alone would not be able to meet even partially the varied needs of farmers. Internal reforms are thus going to be the greatest challenge for the Ghana Extension System. The cooperation systems work in partnership with other stakeholder to provide agricultural extension and advisory services to farmers. Innovations (information/knowledge) emerging from the seed industry may be seen as dynamic and systemic process which can emerge from many sources. KAFECI's interventions must be flexible to accommodate such changes if the need arises in subsequent years (year 2 & 3). The framework and tools for technology transfer and dissemination is developed on "innovation platform" where a group of stakeholders/collaborators with diverse social and economic backgrounds, work towards a common objective or challenge.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.7-20
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to study on the architecture and extension project for the Church of St. Lorenzo. This study is composed of a through analysis of the extension elements on the church building and extension type for extension project of the Church of St. Lorenzo. The results of study are as follows: 1. The extension project for the Church of St. Lorenzo was basically consisted of the concept of a horizontal extension plan through both the interior and exterior space of the church building. This project was the plan of concept of additional or affixing extension through existing spaces with necessary spaces to make up for the previous simple space and form as well as functional aspect. 2. The unit spaces of the nave, the aisle, the small chapels bilaterally adorning the aisles, the transept and the chapels around transepts, and the sacristies by the extension project for the Church of St. Lorenzo is composed of regulation, balance and harmony as geometric space composition according to simple proportion system on whole and parts as well as parts and parts, through the definite articulation by each space zoning. 3. The most important innovative aspect different to previous churches in the extension project for the Church of St. Lorenzo is the compositive system of each other symmetrical spaces through long centrical axis of central part, applying the module system for horizontal arrangement. In particular, the use of regular module on repetition and proportion of rhythm from architectural composition system was precisely composed with the alter that consists of visual focus to express more accurate perspective.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.40-46
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• 2017

Background: The active knee extension (AKE) test commonly used to assess the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Many researchers have tested the reliability of the AKE test; however, no published studies have examined the intrarater and interrater reliability of the AKE test using a PBU. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of the AKE test performed with a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) on healthy subjects. Methods: Sixteen healthy male participants volunteered and gave informed consent to participate in this study. Two raters conducted AKE tests independently with a PBU. Each knee was measured twice, and the AKE testing was repeated one week after the first round of testing. Results: The interrater reliability's intraclass correlation coefficients ($ICC_{2,1}$) were .887~.986 for the right knees and .915~.988 for the left knees. In addition, the intrarater (test-retest) reliability ($ICC_{3,1}$) values ranged between .820~.915 and .820~.884 for Raters 1 and 2, respectively. The values for the standard error of mesurement were low for all tests ($.81{\sim}2.97^{\circ}$); the calculated minimum detectable change was $2.24{\sim}8.21^{\circ}$. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the AKE test performed with a PBU had excellent interrater and intrarater reliability for assessing hamstring flexibility in healthy young males.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2019

This paper proposes the extension of the dynamic range in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (CIS) using switching operation of in-pixel inverter. A CMOS inverter is integrated in each unit pixel of the proposed CIS for switching operations. The n+/p-substrate photodiode junction capacitances are added to each unit pixel. When the output voltage of the photodiode is less than half of the power supply voltage of the CMOS inverter, the output voltage of the CMOS inverter changes from 0 V to the power supply voltage. Hence, the output voltage of the CMOS inverter is adjusted by changing the supply voltage of the CMOS inverter. Thus, the switching point is adjusted according to light intensity when the supply voltage of the CMOS inverter changes. Switching operations are then performed because the CMOS inverter is integrated with in each unit pixel. The proposed CIS is composed of a pixel array, multiplexers, shift registers, and biasing circuits. The size of the proposed pixel is $10{\mu}m{\times}10{\mu}m$. The number of pixels is $150(H){\times}220(V)$. The proposed CIS was fabricated using a $0.18{\mu}m$ 1-poly 6-metal CMOS standard process and its characteristics were experimentally analyzed.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.08b
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• pp.1781-1784
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• 2007

The increase of repetition rate, the dithering of laser optics, and the extension of pulse duration time are major approaches in improving the picture quality of AMOLEDs fabricated by excimer laser crystallization (ELC). Advanced solid phase crystallization (ASPC) has been developed to improve the uniformity and the process cost. Even though the mobility of ASPC-TFT is lower than that of ELC-TFT, it is high enough to drive AMOLED pixels.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2001

Continuously variable transmission(CVT) mechanisms considered here combine the functions of a 2K-H I type differential gear unit and a V-belt continuously variable unit(CVU). One shaft of the V-belt CVU is connected directly to the differential gear unit and remaining shaft of it is linked to the output shaft. These mechanisms have many advantage which are the decrease of CVT size, the increase of overall efficiency, the extension of speed ratio range, and the generation of geared neutral. In this paper six different mechanisms of output coupled type CVT are proposed. Some useful theoretical formula related to speed ratio, power flow and efficiency are derived and analyzed, and theoretical analysis are proven by various experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.141-150
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• 2000

Continuously variable transmission(CVT) combined differential gear unit has many advantages, which are the decrease of CVT size, the increase of overall efficiency, the extension of speed ratio range, and the generation of geared neutral. It is known that such CVT can be classified into the input coupled type and the output coupled type according to the coupling location of continuously variable unit(CVU). In this paper, six different configurations of input coupled type CVT combined V-belt CVU and 2K-H I type differential gear unit are proposed. Some useful theoretical formula related to speed ratio, power flow and efficiency are derived and analyzed. The propriety of derived formula and theoretical analysis are proven by various experiments.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2012

In this study, it was proposed that extension techniques of 8 day interval recorded stream-flow data which has been produced at the mouth of unit watersheds for TMDLs to daily one. The concept of this method was that the missing data at partial recording station was filled by using the daily data at a nearby, hydrologically similar streamgaging station. First, same day stream-flow was extracted from the daily stream-flow. Then, the extension equation was developed based on the sample data when the same day stream-flow from daily data and the partially recorded stream-flow was deeply related each other. The missing data was interpolated or extrapolated by the equation. Especially the maintenance of variance extension (MOVE) technique was used to derive the equation and was validated. Finally the 8-day interval recorded stream-flow at the mouth of unit watersheds in Han River Basin for TMDLs was extended to continuously daily data by using the method proposed in this study. And the low flow at each unit watershed was evaluated according to the flow-duration curve.