• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.215-215
• /
• 2017

The preference for domestic cereal crop of Setaria Italica has been increased with the recent interest in healthy foods. However, the productivity of Korean domestic produce, which has been decreasing due to the lack of cultivation technology and the low rate of mechanization during cultivation. Increase of germination ability will have a positive effect on the cultivation by reducing the labor of the manpower consuming and weeding work. Therefore, red light, ultrasonication, liquid priming and liquid smoke treatment that are effective for the germination of the seeds evaluated. The seeds of 1.4mm or more were used for the experiment. The priming solution used in the experiment was 1% $KH_2PO_4$ (74mM). During the priming, the light treated seeds at 2000 lux for 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. Ultrasonicationd treatment was performed for 5, 10, and 20 minutes at exposures of 60%, 80%, and 100% of ultrasound up to 21.6 kHz during priming. Light or ultrasound treated seeds transferred to priming treatment at $15^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The treatment of the liquid smoke was divided into the treatment of the liquid smoke alone and the treatment of the liquid smoke with the priming. The liquid smoke alone was diluted with distilled water without priming solution and the treatment of the liquid smoke was diluted with the salt priming solution. Both treatments were performed at 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0%, and 10.0% of the liquid smoke (pH7) concentration at $15^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. After each treatment, the seeds were dried to moisture content ranged 5-8% at $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. All treatments showed better results than the non-treated control. Light treatment for 120 minutes improved for germination percentage (GP), Germination uniformity (GU) and heath seed percentage (HS). Ultrasonication treatment was most effective when treated with ultrasound at 21.6 kHz for 5 minutes in all germination characteristics. Ten % of the liquid smoke increase in 92% GP, 1.8 days MGT, $54%{\cdot}day^{-1}GR$, 0.76 GU and 88% HS comparing to non-treated control (72% GP, 2.3 days MGT, $45%{\cdot}day^{-1}GR$, 1.48 GU, and 63 % HS). This study showed that it is possible to obtain high germination by adding liquid smoke treatment to the seeds supplied to the farmers. The efficacy of light, ultrasonication, inorganic salt priming, and liquid smoke treatment on the seeds found in the experiment will be a positive alternative to labor force problems in the cultivation by improving germination.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.123-130
• /
• 2013

$CO_2$ enrichment systems have been recently used to shorten the growth period of plants and the improvement of harvest and its quality. To accomplish these goals, manifold should be designed to supply the same amount of $CO_2$. In this study, CFD approach has been used to understand the effects of geometric parameters, such as tube and hole diameters. An optimized geometry has been derived through pipe and tube part, respectively. As a result, the deviation of flow rate less than 0.1 g/s was expected at all holes of the $CO_2$ enrichment system.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.285-292
• /
• 2020

Because the inner environment of greenhouse has a direct impact on crop production, many studies have been performed to develop technologies for controlling the environment in the greenhouse. However, it is difficult to apply the technology developed to all greenhouses because those studies were conducted through empirical experiments in specific greenhouses. It takes a lot of time and cost to develop the models that can be applicable to all greenhouse in real situation. Therefore studies are underway to solve this problem using computer-based simulation techniques. In this study, a model was developed to predict the inner environment of glass greenhouse using CFD simulation method. The developed model was validated using primary and secondary heating experiment and daytime greenhouse inner temperature data. As a result of comparing the measured and predicted value, the mean temperature and uniformity were 2.62℃ and 2.92%p higher in the predicted value, respectively. R² was 0.9628, confirming that the measured and the predicted values showed similar tendency. In the future, the model needs to improve by applying the shape of the greenhouse and the position of the inner heat exchanger for efficient thermal energy management of the greenhouse.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2013.02a
• /
• pp.183-184
• /
• 2013

Two main MBE growth techniques have been used: plasma-assisted MBE (PA-MBE), which utilizes a rf plasma to supply active nitrogen, and ammonia MBE, in which nitrogen is supplied by pyrolysis of NH3 on the sample surface during growth. PA-MBE is typically performed under metal-rich growth conditions, which results in the formation of gallium droplets on the sample surface and a narrow range of conditions for optimal growth. In contrast, high-quality GaN films can be grown by ammonia MBE under an excess nitrogen flux, which in principle should result in improved device uniformity due to the elimination of droplets and wider range of stable growth conditions. A drawback of ammonia MBE, on the other hand, is a serious memory effect of NH3 condensed on the cryo-panels and the vicinity of heaters, which ruins the control of critical growth stages, i.e. the native oxide desorption and the surface reconstruction, and the accurate control of V/III ratio, especially in the initial stage of seed layer growth. In this paper, we demonstrate that the reliable and reproducible growth of GaN on Si (110) substrates is successfully achieved by combining two MBE growth technologies using rf plasma and ammonia and setting a proper growth protocol. Samples were grown in a MBE system equipped with both a nitrogen rf plasma source (SVT) and an ammonia source. The ammonia gas purity was ＞99.9999% and further purified by using a getter filter. The custom-made injector designed to focus the ammonia flux onto the substrate was used for the gas delivery, while aluminum and gallium were provided via conventional effusion cells. The growth sequence to minimize the residual ammonia and subsequent memory effects is the following: (1) Native oxides are desorbed at $750^{\circ}C$ (Fig. (a) for [$1^-10$] and [001] azimuth) (2) 40 nm thick AlN is first grown using nitrogen rf plasma source at $900^{\circ}C$ nder the optimized condition to maintain the layer by layer growth of AlN buffer layer and slightly Al-rich condition. (Fig. (b)) (3) After switching to ammonia source, GaN growth is initiated with different V/III ratio and temperature conditions. A streaky RHEED pattern with an appearance of a weak ($2{\times}2$) reconstruction characteristic of Ga-polarity is observed all along the growth of subsequent GaN layer under optimized conditions. (Fig. (c)) The structural properties as well as dislocation densities as a function of growth conditions have been investigated using symmetrical and asymmetrical x-ray rocking curves. The electrical characteristics as a function of buffer and GaN layer growth conditions as well as the growth sequence will be also discussed. Figure: (a) RHEED pattern after oxide desorption (b) after 40 nm thick AlN growth using nitrogen rf plasma source and (c) after 600 nm thick GaN growth using ammonia source for (upper) [110] and (lower) [001] azimuth.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.51-59
• /
• 2008

Incontinence is the urination disorder as the leakage of urine without her own volition and the woman's representative disease which reduce the life quality. The electromagnetic therapy has high possibility of development cause it has no needs of operant exercise, no arousing of shame and impossibility of infection. But, it has improvement points such as uniformity of the treatment protocol, patient dependance and absent of patient monitoring system. With these demands, the system which stimulate the pelvic flaw muscle with electromagnetic and monitoring the patient status during the therapy is proposed, in this study. And individually adapted electromagnetic therapy system for incontinence patient is also suggested. The proposed system consisted of electromagnetic generation device, cooling device, treating chair, patient monitoring device with pulsation and control software. The simulation for high power system and evaluation confirm was performed. With the development of control software, the convenience of using and maintenance are ensured and the patient adapted therapy protocol is applied. The developed patient adapted electromagnetic therapy system with monitoring device is regarded as the patient affinitive treating method by reducing the riskiness, improving the efficiency with patterned protocol and pre/post therapy. These results, in this study, can bring the safe and organized treatment method to incontinence patients and can lead the variable study for electromagnetic therapy in incontinence.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.169-179
• /
• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the effect of root zone cooling on growth and quality of turfgrasses including Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.‘Nuglade’), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.‘Accent’), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.‘Pixie’), and Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) in simulated athletic field during summer season in Korea. Mineral contents in clippings of turfgrasses grown at different soil mixtures and temperatures were also analyzed. Root zone cooling (approximately 4~6$^{\circ}C$ lower than that of untreated-control) resulted in good uniformity, little disease incidence and higher level of chlorophyll contents in cool-season turfgrasses. The effectiveness of root zone cooling in protecting disease incidence from high temperature stress was the most manifest in perennial ryegrass compared to others. Fresh clipping weight in treatment of root zone cooling was increased approximately 2 times in Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass, and 2.5 times in tall fescue compared to those of control. There was higher growth rate in a soil mixture composed of 80% peat moss ＋10% sand ＋10% soil (v/v/v) than in that of 80% pea moss ＋20% sand (v/v), Mineral contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in clippings of three species of cool-season turfgrasses were significantly increased in treat-ment of root zone cooling but this was not found in Japanese lawngrass. Results showed that root zone cooling has a benefit in keeping good quality and growth of cool-season turfgrasses in sports field under supraoptimal ambient temperature during summer season.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.157-168
• /
• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the offsets of pyroligneous acid on the growth of ‘Penncross’Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and to propose the practical use for ecologically responsive management in Korean golf courses. In the plots affected by 300, 500, and 800 times diluted pyroligneous acid, the turfgrass growth increment and the visual quality were measured at fixed periods. The data were subjected to paired samples T-test. The results summarized are as follows； 1) In leaf growth increment, density, and root spread depth, turfgrass affected by 500 and 800 times diluted pyroligneous acid were superior to the control continually. It was reliable in the statistics. Especially, 500 times diluted solutions was superior to the others. 2) In color, texture, uniformity, and recuperative strength, the visual quality of turfgrass affected by 500 and 800 times diluted pyroligneous acid were superior to the control continually. It was reliable in the statistics except the recuperative strength. Espe-cially, 500 times diluted solutions tended to be superior to the others. 3) There was no symptom of a disease in all plots. The existing management was thought to be suitable in this golf course. 500 and 800 times diluted pyroligneous acid were not thought to trigger or promote a disease, 4) After investigating the effect of pyroligneous acid on turfgrass growth, the soils of all plots were analyzed. In all plots, the chemical properties of the soils were not changed obviously. 5) Considering the results mentioned above, the practical use of 500 and 800 times diluted solutions might decrease the amount of nutrients and agricultural chemicals used in golf courses as well as promote turfgrass growth in golf courses.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.473-478
• /
• 2012

This study was investigated the quality characteristics of muffins which were prepared with whole waxy sorghum flours. Muffins were made with different sorghum flour contents of 10, 30, 50 and 100% substitution for wheat flour. The crude protein and fat contents of muffins were not different among samples, but the crude ash content was determined to increase with increasing content of sorghum flour. The specific gravity of the sorghum muffin batter as well as the weight and uniformity index of the sorghum muffins, were not significantly different from those of the control. The volume of muffins was found to decrease significantly when 100% sorghum flour was substituted for wheat flour. In terms of color, the L and b values of muffins were decreased with increasing contents of sorghum flour, and the a value was increased. The sensory test revealed that the hardness and adhesiveness of muffins was increased with the addition of sorghum flour, but springiness and chewiness decreased. According to the results of a sensory evaluation test, the flavor, taste and texture of muffins were reduced with the addition of 50 and 100% sorghum flour. The appearance and overall acceptability of sorghum muffins were not found to be different significantly from those of the control, up to 30% level substitution with sorghum flour.

• CELLMED
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.4.1-4.8
• /
• 2021

Background: The Unani system of medicine has been practised since centuries for the treatment of a range of diseases. In spite of their efficacy they have been widely criticised due to the lack of standardization and poor quality control. Standardization of Unani medicine is a valuable issue at the present because they are very prone to contamination, deterioration, adulteration and variation in composition due to biodiversity as well as careless collection. Objective: To Standardize and Development of HPTLC Fingerprinting of a polyherbal Unani formulation Qurs-e-Safa. Materials and methods: The conventional and modern analytical techniques were used to standardise Qurs-e-Safa. The study was carried into three different batches of Qurs-e-Safa prepared with its ingredients. The parameters studied are organoleptic, microscopic, physicochemical parameters, phytochemical screening, TLC, HPTLC profile, aflatoxin, microbial load and heavy metal analysis. Results and conclusion: Qurṣ-e-Sa'fa is dark yellow in colour and aromatic smell. Uniformity of diameter and weight variation were found to be 13 ± 0, and 524.7 ± 1.72 mg. friability, hardness and disintegration time of all 3 batches were found to be (0.0615 ± 0.004, 0.0885 ± 0.0047 and 0.0725 ± 0.0058), (3.5 ± 0.2886, 3.67 ± 0.1674 and 3.67 ± 0.1674) and (16 to 17 minutes). Extractive value were found to be maximum in distilled water (38.488 ± 0.20, 37.3824 ± 0.38 and 39.8177 ± 0.13) followed by alcohol (27.5406 ± 0.54, 27.5656 ± 0.32 and 26.9229 ± 0.25). Loss of weight on drying, pH, total ash, acid insoluble ash, qualitative test was set in. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Phenols, Resins, Proteins, Steroids, fixed oil and Flavonoids. The microbial load was found absent and heavy metals were within permissible limits. The data evolved from the study may serve as a reference to validate and also help in the quality control of other finished products in future research.

• Land and Housing Review
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.131-140
• /
• 2022

A smart window is a new building material that can realize energy savings in a building. Smart windows can freely adjust Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) and solar gain coefficient (g-value) according to the situation. Smart windows include such technologies as Electrochromic (EC), Suspended Particle Device (SPD), and Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC). Recent research on building energy savings through the VLT and g-value control functions of smart windows is being actively conducted and meaningful results are being drawn. However, since most of the research is focused on energy savings, research on the indoor environment is somewhat lacking. A building is a space where people live and the comfort of life should be prioritized before energy savings. Therefore, in this study, analysis on the daylight performance of an office space was carried out. Through green building standards such as LEED, BREEAM, CASBEE, and G-SEED, the daylight performance was reviewed according to VLT value changes of the smart window. In addition, a study was conducted on the VLT range of the electrochromic façade that can maintain a comfortable indoor environment. The smart window used electrochromic control with a wide range of VLT. The study showed that the minimum VLT of a smart window that can satisfy G-SEED is 25% or more. In addition, it was found that the VLT change of the electrochromic smart window did not significantly affect the uniformity of the room. When the LEED standard was applied, the minimum VLT value of the electrochromic smart window that must be maintained according to each orientation of the building was derived.