• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 2005

Korea has many underwater cultural heritages within the east, west and south seas surrounding the Peninsula that indicate historically important sealanes for trade and transportation. As these underwater cultural heritages are the objects of despoilment because of their relatively easy access through modern technology, their often high historical and priceless value demands strong protection similar to or better than the land cultural properties. Currently, Korea does not have any concrete laws or regulations for the protection of underwater cultural heritages. Thus, these heritages iu, somewhat temporary and inappropriately subjected to laws and regulations relating to provisions of individual Laws concerning protection of cultural properties act, and statute of excavation of material fir buried national property, lost articles act etc.. Internationally, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted but not yet entered into force. Therefore, the protection of underwater cultural heritage has become an urgent matter. In this regard, this article's main purpose is to provide recommendations for improving direction of legal regime and policy for protecting our underwater cultural heritages. These legal regimes need provisions for definition of the underwater cultural heritage, scope of application, ownerships, jurisdictions and protection measures. And suggestions are provided in regard to policies for the protection of underwater cultural heritages that may improve organization and cooperation among concerned ministries and agencies, compensation system, restrictions for excavation of underwater relics, efficiency of survey of underwater surface and information system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.26 no.4_2
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• pp.697-703
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• 2023

Intertidal zones, akin to tidal flats, are among the potential areas where underwater cultural heritage might be submerged. However, the shallow depths in these regions present challenges for conventional vessel-based survey methods. Moreover, during low tides, intertidal zones transform into tidal flats, limiting the efficiency of survey efforts due to restricted access and potential risks. As a result, proper underwater cultural heritage surveys encounter difficulties in these environments. In recent times, extensive research is underway to address these issues by investigating underwater cultural heritage surveys in intertidal zones, encompassing diverse fields, including equipment-based investigations. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to conduct intertidal cultural heritage surveys, employing aerial photography and 3D mapping to create detailed orthoimages and 3D models. The study focused on assessing the potential application of these techniques for cultural heritage surveying within intertidal zones. Notably, the survey conducted in Jindo's Naesan-ri demonstrated high-resolution capabilities, enabling the distinction of actual pottery fragments mixed within gravel fields. Similarly, in the survey of Jindo's Byeokpa-hang, it was found that a wooden pillar structure existed in a section about 200m long. The integration of various sensors, including LiDAR, with UAVs allows for diverse investigation possibilities, including bathymetric measurements, and is expected to facilitate the acquisition of varied datasets for further research and assessment.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.174-193
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• 2023

Korea is surrounded by the sea and has rivers connecting to it throughout the inland areas, which has been a geographical characteristic since ancient times. As a result, there have been exchanges and conflicts with various countries through the sea, and rivers have facilitated the transportation of ships carrying grain, goods paid for by taxes, and passengers. Since the past, the sea and rivers have had a significant impact on the lives of Koreans. Consequently, it is expected that there are many cultural heritages submerged in the sea and rivers, and continuous efforts are being made to discover and preserve them. Underwater cultural heritage is difficult to discover due to its location in the sea or rivers, making direct visual observation and exploration challenging. To overcome these limitations, various geophysical survey techniques are employed. Geophysical survey methods utilize the physical properties of elastic waves, including their reflection and refraction, to conduct surveys such as bathymetry, underwater topography and strata. These techniques detect the physical characteristics of underwater objects and seafloor formation in the underwater environment, analyze differences, and identify underwater cultural heritage located on or buried in the seabed. Bathymetry uses an echo sounder, and an underwater topography survey uses a side-scan sonar to find underwater artifacts lying on or partially exposed to the seabed, and a marine shallow strata survey uses a sub-bottom profiler to find underwater heritages buried in the seabed. However, the underwater cultural heritage discovered in domestic waters thus far has largely been accidental findings by fishermen, divers, or octopus hunters. This study aims to analyze and summarize the latest research trends in equipment used for underwater cultural heritage exploration, including bathymetric surveys, underwater topography surveys and strata surveys. The goal is to contribute to research on underwater cultural heritage investigation in the domestic context.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.34
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• pp.210-220
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• 2001

UNESCO convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage(hereafter 'UCH')was adopted in the Fourth meeting of governmental experts on the draft Convention on the protection of UCH. Accordingly, Korea will prepare an appropriate policy for the protection of UCH. This article aims to give policy directions for the protection of UCH in Korea. Korea has some legislation relating to protection of cultural property. However, these legislation did not have effective schemes to protect UCH. Moreover, the Cultural Properties Administration which is a primary agency for protecting UCH has been ineffective in their effort for protecting UCH. To Protect UCH, I suggest establishment of law relating to protection of UCH, designation of competent authorities for protection of UCH in accordance to UNESCO Convention, and establishment of a long term national plan for protection of UCH.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 2010

This paper focused on desalination method for the underwater archaeological ceramics. The desalination method applied in this study takes additional conditions such as the amount of desalting water, temperature, and agitation conditions and compares the effects of desalt process. The result of efficiency rate appears that the twenty-times of the object weight of desalting water is more effective than that of ten-times one, but shows less economic compared to the cost. In addition, the research shows that the efficiency rate has been improved around 20 to 30 %, yet such improvement is not taken into account as an effective result considering the risk of damage from the physical and chemical impact and the consumption of energy in applying additional method.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.14-32
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• 2022

Underwater photographing and image recording are essential for pre-excavation survey and during excavation in underwater archaeology. Unlike photographing on land, all underwater images suffer various quality degradations such as shape distortions, color shift, blur, low contrast, high noise levels and so on. Outcome is very often heavily photographing equipment and photographer dependent. Excavation schedule, weather conditions, and water conditions can put burdens on divers. Usable images are very limited compared to the efforts. In underwater archaeological study in very turbid water such as in the Yellow Sea (between mainland China and the Korean peninsula), underwater photographing is very challenging. In this study, off-site image distortion and color compensation techniques using an image processing/analysis software is investigated as an alternative image quality enhancement method. As sample images, photographs taken during the excavation of 800-year-old Taean Mado Shipwrecks in the Yellow Sea in 2008-2010 were mainly used. Significant enhancement in distortion and color compensation of archived images were obtained by simple post image processing using image processing/analysis software (PicMan) customized for given view ports, lenses and cameras with and without optical axis offsets. Post image processing is found to be very effective in distortion and color compensation of both recent and archived images from various photographing equipment models and configurations. Merits and demerit of in-situ, distortion and color compensated photographing with sophisticated equipment and conventional photographing equipment, which requires post image processing, are compared.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze radiocarbon dating, using wiggle match, of a wooden board from Yeongheung-do shipwreck excavated from Yeongheung-do in Incheon Ongjingun. The result of wiggle matching for 5 decennial tree-ring block samples of the hull bottom board produced ${\pm}2{\sigma}$ radiocarbon date (95.4% confidence interval) as A.D. 710~730 or A.D. 750~774. It indicated that the Yeongheung-do shipwreck belonged to the early or middle of the 8th century. Radiocarbon dating results confirmed the date speculated by archaeologists according to ship structure and pottery style.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.37
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• pp.17-26
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• 2016

Mado shipwreck No.1 is where a total of 57 bamboo slips were discovered. Bamboo slips first excavated in the sea. It treated low concentration PEG vacuum freeze drying treatment refer to the method that research finding consolidation about waterlogged bamboo before. PEG 2000 and PEG 4000 used to consolidation materials but some bamboo slips that treated PEG 4000 surface color have been darken using heat gun at surface treatment. So the residual PEG on object's surface was remove steam iron. Bonding used to put 100% PEG 2000 the rayon paper in the surface for stabilization and giving a strength.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.30
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• pp.189-202
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• 2009

Ceramics from Taean shipwreck were studied to investigate the deterioration by soluble salts and desalination pattern according to each ceramic characterization. NaCl crystals were found as a crystal growth on the ceramic microstructure and deteriorated to push off the glaze layer of some Puncheong ware sample. As a result of monitoring the desalination pattern of ceramics for 74days, the earthenware sample with big pores and no glaze removed soluble salts so fast, but Puncheong ware and Whiteware samples removed lots of soluble salts slowly and continuously. Generally, it takes long time to remove soluble salts from porcelains, due to small pores and glaze, but the long-term desalination probably can cause the damage on the surface layer such like glaze. As some soluble salts still remains in the ceramic microstructures after desalination, it is very important to control and keep the relative humidity stable through the proper storage. There are various ceramic deterioration patterns by soluble salts. Therefore, it needs to select the desalination method of ceramics from shipwreck, considering the material characteristics and the production techniques.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.31-32
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• 2007