• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.201-208
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• 2022

As around the world, ground and underground transportation capacity is reaching its limit, centering on urban areas. As urban traffic becomes congested, time and cost are astronomical, and environmental destruction caused by urban pollution is becoming increasingly serious. As a way to solve this problem, the means of flying over the air are in the spotlight as the next generation of future transportation, and the concept of urban air mobility (UAM, Urban Air Mobility) is defined as systematic planning. The development of an electric-powered vertical take-off (eVTOL) aircraft that obtains electric power through a battery using a personal aerial vehicle (PAV) as a means of transportation has accelerated. As the aircraft development of new technology aircraft in the evtol method is actively carried out, the need to prepare systems such as aircraft certification standards, pilot qualification systems, and qualification management is emerging. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which lead international standards, announced new special technical conditions and temporary regulations SCVTOL-01, respectively. However, the pilot qualification system for operating the uam aircraft has not yet been clearly announced. Therefore, this paper analyzes the recently announced FAA regulations and EASA regulations to identify differences and directions in perspectives on UAMs and study the existing vertical take-off and landing aircraft (VTOL) pilot qualification system to present directions for qualification classification.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.374-375
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• 1999

오늘날 경제적 생활 환경의 개선으로 인하여 현대인의 생활에 많은 변화를 가져오고 있다. 제한된 공간에서 인간 활동은 지하생활공간이라는 새로운 활동영역을 창출하였고, 이에 따라 실내에서의 거주 시간은 더욱 증가하고 있다. 지하생활공간이라는 용어가 일반인들에게는 다소 생소하게 받아들여질 수 있지만 여기서 말하는 지하생활공간이라 함은 불특정 다수인이 이용하는 지하철, 지하상가, 지하주차장, 지하 보ㆍ차도, 지하터널 등을 말하며 개인의 생활 양식에 따라 단시간 이용하거나 또는 생활터전으로 장시간 거주할 수 있는 공간이라고 할 수 있다.(중략)

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.523-528
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• 2011

Subway becomes more and more main transportation in major cities. Air pollution in the subway platforms is decreased; however, dust flow inside subway tunnel and train is increased by installing Platform Screen Door. Airflow inside subway tunnel is observed using computational method in this study The airflow characteristics around ventilation shafts and inside the tunnel is studied following the train movement, while the train moves from existing Miasamgeori station to Gireum station ANSYS CFX V12.0.l and ICEM CFD V12.0.l are used to compute the airflow inside the subway tunnel.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.493-498
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• 2008

The several water resources are showed recently the various pollution types due to the industrialization and the disarranged district development. The living waste water, plant waste water and so are contaminated continuously and the recycling water is concerned highly to save the cost and to improve the environment as the general people. The dust and the heavy metal in the air and the acid rain are contaminating the river water and the underground water. The clean environment is on the rise to the general people and is to be the social problems. There is going to complement and repair the water supplying and fire extinguishing pipeline to save the construction cost and improve the environment in the construction facilities parts. Therefore, in this paper the recycling water treatment/supply apparatus using the living waste water is considerated technically and is raised on the practical uses.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.139-146
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• 2001

Modern people stay at indoor places about 90% of a day. Radon-222 is a gas produced radioactive decay of the element radium. And, radon is one of the major indoor air pollutants moves into the underground space through various routes and is considered to cause lung c hurting the lung tissues, In this study, we measured the subway radon level at 9 stations o According to test results, we can figure out the concentration of radon by lines, times, and m points. So, it was found that ventilation conditions are the most important factors in the su quality. Finally, we suggested effective and economic management methods of air pollution subway.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the environmental factors that affect particulate matters (PM10) and to compare with outdoor PM10 concentrations in an underground subway stations. Methods: The PM10 level was determined from May 2013 to September 2013 in the Seoul subway stations in four lines. PM mini-vol portable sampler sampler was used to collect PM10 for 6 hrs. Arithmetic means of PM10 concentrations with standard deviation (SD) were calculated. Paired t-test was used to compare the differences between indoor PM10 and outdoor PM10 concentrations with correlation analysis which was used to identify the association between indoor PM10 concentrations and environmental factors. Results: There were no different PM10 concentrations significantly between line 1, 2, 3 and 4 in an underground subway stations. Passenger number was positively associated with PM10 concentration while construction year was negatively associated with PM10 concentrations. Indoor PM10 concentrations were significantly higher than those in outdoor PM10 concentrations. PM10 concentrations were higher in the stations which were constructed before 1990s rather than the stations constructed after 1990s. Conclusion: PM10 levels in the underground subway stations varied greatly depending on the construction year. Therefore, it might need to be more careful management to the stations which constructed in before 1990s.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-48
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• 1993

International concern over the environmental pollution is ever increasing, and diversified countermeasures must be devised in Korea also. Global trend, damages, problems and countermeasures with respect to issues mentioned in the Rio Declaration, such as prevention of ozone layer destruction, reduction of migratory atmospheric pollution between neighboring countries, and prevention of global greenhouse effect, were discussed in this report. Conclusion of the report is summarized as follows : A. Measurement, Planning and Monitoring (1) Development and implementation of a global network for measurement and monitoring from the global aspects such factors as related to acid rain(Pioneer substances, pH, sulfate, nitrate), effect of global temperature(Air temperature, $CO_2$, $CH_4$, CFC, $N_2O$) and destruction of ozone layer($CFC_S$). (2) Establishment of network system via satellite monitoring movement of regional air mass, damage on the ozone layer and ground temperature distribution. B. Elucidation of Present State (1) Improvement and development of devices for carbon circulation capable of accurately forecasting input and output of carbon. (2) Developmental research on chemical reactions of greenhouse gas in the air. (3) Improvement and development of global circulation model(GCM) C. Impact Assessment Impact assessment on ecosystem, human body, agriculture, floodgate, land use, coastal ecology, industries, etc. D. Preventive Measures and Technology Development (1) Development and consumption of new energy (2) Development of new technology for removal of pioneer substances (3) Development of substitute matter for $CFC_S$ (4) Improvement of agriculture and forestry means to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (5) Improvement of housing to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (6) Development of new technology for probing underground water (7) Preservation of forest (8) Biomass 5. Policy Development (1) Development of strategy model (2) Development of long term forecast model (3) Development of penalty charge effect and expense evaluation methods (4) Feasibility study on regulations By establishing the above mentioned measures for environmentally sound and sustainable development to establish the right to live for humankind and to preserve the one and only earth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.192-202
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• 2010

This study aimed to suggest the severity of indoor air pollutants in screen gold arenas which were not sufficiently investigated in Korea up to now and to help users to enjoy golf in more pleasant indoor environment. The indoor environment survey was conducted with 21 screen gold arenas in Seoul from Oct. 28, 2008 to March 13, 2009. Indoor air quality was measured and analyzed in accordance with the Air Pollution Process Test Method specified bu NIOSH(2005). The screen golf arenas are mostly in the underground floors in this study, 4 on the ground floors(19.0%) and 17 in the underground floors(81.0%). In the air in screen golf arenas, the geometric mean of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were 2.92 ${\mu}g/m^3$, 70.34 ${\mu}g/m^3$, 14.00${\mu}g/m^3$ and 31.43 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, which exceeded the exposure limites. Each arena exceeded the exposure limit for one pollutant each. However, styrene didn't exceed the limit as 8.09 ${\mu}g/m^3$. Furthermore, the geometric mean of formaldehyde was 63.11${\mu}g/m^3$ and 7 arenas exceeded the limit. The geometric mean of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) was 428.41${\mu}g/m^3$ and 10 arenas exceeded the limit. For the density distribution of pollutants by location, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene and formaldehyde showed higher density distribution in underground spaces, for which the statistically significant difference was not found. However, PM10 showed the statistically significant difference (p<0.05). In accordance with the analysis on the correlation between the density of pollutants in the screen golf arenas, Pearson correlation coefficient between ethylbenzene and styrene was 0.980, very significant correlation(p<0.01). The correlation coefficients between the density of toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and styrene and that of VOCs were 0.543, 0.434, 0.451 and 0.459, respectively, which demonstrated the statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1011-1016
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• 2006

Recently, volatile organic compound(VOC) has been noted as a main cause of air pollution. VOC, with its toxic and offensive odor, is hazardous to health. Furthermore indoor, underground and hish-rise buildings are preferable living spaces. People spend more than 80% of the day indoor, so indoor air pollution is a matter of importance. In Korea, from 2004, 10 types of indoor pollutants in public facilities have been identified. However, there is no standard for individual VOC, so the regulation has not yet effectively been carried out. In this study, we have studied on the diffusion of Benzene in a room using a numerical analysis for various air-controlled conditions consisted of door, window and ventilation system. This study investigates spatial concentration distribution and time-history of room-averaged benzene concentration for several cases. The results of this study show that when the room is ventilated by a small fan only for 30 minutes, the average concentration of benzene is decreased a very little, thus the impact to human body would be serious compared to the case of natural ventilation by window and door, In the case of natural ventilation by window and door, if the wind speed is higher than 0.5m/s, it takes small than 4 minutes for benzene to spread to the target concentration of $1.2mg/m^3$.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.485-486
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• 2007

Wireless Sensor Networking is state of the art technology that has a wide range of potential applications. Sensor network generally consists of a large number of distributed nodes that organize themselves into a multi-hop wireless network. Each node has one or more sensors, embedded processors and low-power radios, and is normally battery operated because of small size. In this paper wireless sensor networking technology applies to the environment monitoring system in the underground. This system can monitor a pollution level of the underground in realtime for keeping up a comfortable environment.