• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.221-227
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a weight loss program on the degree of obesity and levels of resting energy expenditure (REE) in overweight subjects according to their mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP 2) genotype. Twenty-three subjects with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 27 were recruited from the Obesity Clinic of the Kyung-Hee University Hospital during the period of December 2000 - August 2001. The subjects were genotyped for the exon 8 allele; 15 subjects were found to be of del/del genotype, 8 were del/ins, and none were of ins/ins genotype. No significant association was found between the different UCP 2 genotypes and the initial levels of weight, fat mass (FM), lean body mess (LBM), BMI, REE, and REE/LBM ratio. After 12 weeks of a weight loss program, body weight and FM were significantly decreased, while LBM, total body water (TBW), and REE were not changed, irrespective of UCP 2 genotype. Initial fasting plasma levels of albumin, glucose, triglyceride, lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, free triiodo-thyronine (T3), free fatty acid (FFA), and leptin were not different according to the UCP 2 genotype; furthermore, these blood parameters were not changed after the 12-week weight loss program. However, plasma levels of leptin decreased in both the del/del and ins/del genotypes, from 18.7 ng/ml to 13.4 ng/ml (p<.05), and from 18.1 ng/ml to 13.9 ng/ml (p＜.05), respectively, after the weight loss program. In conclusion, this study found no significant association between the del/del or del/ins UCP 2 genotypes and differing levels of REE or differing degrees of obesity, either before or after a weight loss program. This study provided evidence that a well- managed weight loss program could maintain levels of REE, which plays an important role in the maintenance of energy balance.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.796-804
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• 2004

We found previously that dietary high fat caused obesity, and levan supplementation to the regular diet reduced adiposity and serum lipids. In the present study, we examined the effects of levan [high-molecular-mass $\beta$-(2,6)-linked fructose polymer] supplement on the development of obesity and lipid metabolism in rats fed with high-fat diet. Thus, to determine whether the dietary levan may have the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects, 4-wk-old Sprague Dawley male rats were fed with high-fat diet for 6 wk to induce obesity, and subsequently fed with 0, 1, 5, or 10% levan supplemented high-fat diets (w/w) for another 4 wk. For the comparison, a normal control group was fed with AIN-76A diet. Supplementation with levan resulted in a significant reduction of high-fat-induced body weight gain, white fat (i.e., epididymal, visceral, and peritoneal fat) development, adipocyte hypertrophy, and the development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia in a dose-dependent manner. Serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were greatly reduced by levan supplementation. Serum total cholesterol level was reduced, whereas the HDL cholesterol level was increased by dietary levan. The expression of uncoupling protein (UCP) was increased by dietary high fat, and was further induced by levan supplementation. The mRNA level of UCP1, 2, and 3 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and UCP3 in skeletal muscle was upregulated in rats fed with dietary levan. In conclusion, upregulated UCP mRNA expression may contribute to suppression of development of obesity through increased energy expenditure. The present results suggest that levan supplementation to the diet is beneficial in suppressing diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.823-830
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• 2005

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of bacteria-derived $\beta$-glucan fiber on serum lipids, adiposity and uncoupling protein (UCP) expression in rats. In order to induce obesity, Sprague-Dawley weanling male rats were allowed free access to AIN-76A diet until 4 weeks of age, and fed high-fat diet (beef tallow, $40\%$ of calories as fat) for 6 weeks until 10 weeks of age. Rats were then fed with $0\%$ thigh- fat control group), $1\%$, or $5\%$ bacterial ~-glucan supplemented high-fat diets (w/w) for another 6 weeks. For comparison, normal control group was fed with AIN-76 diet $11.7\%$ fat). Supplementation with bacterial $\beta$-glucan resulted in a significant reduction of high-fat-induced white fat (i.e., visceral and peritoneal fat) development, adipocyte hypertrophy, and development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels were greatly reduced, but, HDL-cholesterol concentrations were increased by bacterial $\beta$-glucan supplementation. Serum leptin level was lower in the $\beta$-glucan groups than in the high-fat group. The expression of UCPs (UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) were significantly increased by $5\%$ bacterial $\beta$-glucan-containing diet. This study suggests that the anti-obesity effect of $5\%$ bacterial $\beta$-glucan is attributed to upregulation of UCPs and inefficient energy utilization.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.767-775
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• 2008

1) 연구대상자 중 비만아동 빈도수 분석 결과, BIA법에서는 70.0%, BMI에 의한 비만도에서는 32.7%, 신장별 체중에 의한 비만도에서는 23.6%로 BAI법에 의해 비만아동의 빈도수가 가장 많았다. 혈청 생화화적 분석 결과는 NCEP의 이상지혈증 기준 이하로 나타났다. 2) UCP-1 유전자 다형성에 의한 신체계측의 결과의 분포는 정상형과 변이형에서 차이를 나타내지 않았고 혈중 생 화학 결과에서는 LDL (p = 0.039)과 TC (p = 0.063)이 정상형에 비해 변이형에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 3) LDL을 130 mg/dL 기준으로 고LDL 콜레스테롤혈증과 정상으로 나누었을 때 각각에서 UCP-1 유전자 다형성의 분포는 고LDL 콜레스테롤혈증에서 A allele는 5.4%, G allele는 13.0%로 G allele의 빈도가 높게 분포하였고, 정상에서는 각각 94.6%, 87%의 분포를 나타내었다 (p = 0.062, ORs 2.640). LDL의 농도를 백분위수에 따라 4집단으로 나누고 UCP-1 유전자의 A allele와 G allele에서 LDL 농도의 빈도수를 나타내었을 때 G allele에서는 빈도수가 25th, 50th, 75th, 100th에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다 ($r^2$ = 0.7995, p-trend = 0.032). 따라서 UCP-1 유전자 변이형은 정상형에 비해 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증의 발병을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. UCP-1 유전자의 다형성은 이상지혈증의 위험인자인 LDL 농도를 증가시키는 위험요인으로써 나타났고, 체중을 감안할 때는 이상지혈증의 위험도가 더욱 증가할 것으로 생각되어진다. 따라서 UCP-1 유전자 변이형을 가지는 비만아동은 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증의 발병과 관련된 식이 및 환경적 인자를 적절히 통제하는 예방 대책을 마련하여야겠다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.249-258
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• 1998

Obesity, one of the most common metabolic diseases in industrial countries is characterized by an increase in the number or size of adipocytes. In an effort to create transgenic mouse models for the study of obesity we developed a novel technique in which adipose tissue can be ablated genetically at will, at any specific developmental stage and/or physiological condition, by the treatment of ganciclovir. We made a series of adipocytespecific expression vectors using minimal regulatory regions of brown adipocyte-specific uncoupling protein (UCP-1) gene and adipocyte-specific aP2 gene, and then analyzed their expression characteristics in cultured cell lines. When both constructs pUCP-LacZ and paP2-LacZ were transfected transiently into differentiating 3T3-L1 (pre-while adipocytes) and HIB-1B (pre-brown adipocytes) cell lines in vitro and then monitored by X-gal staining of cells, these regulatory regions were sufficient to show proper differentiation stage-specific expression in adipocvtes. To confirm that adipocytes expressing HSV-TK controlled by these minimal requlatory elements are sufficient to kill themselves with ganciclovir treatment pUCP-TK and paP2-TK expression constructs were transfected stably into HIB-1B and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, and their ganciclovir sensitivities were tested during in vitro differentiation of cells. As expected more than 80% of cells were dead by the 7th day of treatment with ganciclovir while negative control cells were not affected at all. The data suqqest that the constructed vectors are suitable for obtaining novel obese transqenic models based on a conditional genetic tissue ablation method.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Objectives : Although the anti-obesity effect of Schizandrae Fructus water extract has been demonstrated, its underlying mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of Schizandrae Fructus water extract through the p-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), sirtuin1 (Sirt1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling in 60% high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. Methods : Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups. The Normal group was fed a normal diet and the obese groups were fed 60% HFD. Except for the Control group, the GG group was supplemented with 0.5% Garcinia gummigutta and the SCW group was supplemented with 0.5% Schizandrae Fructus water extract. After 6 weeks, obesity-related biomarkers in serum were measured and the expressions of protein for lipid-related factors in liver tissue were analyzed by western blot. Results : Treatment with SCW significantly down-regulated body weight compared to the Control group. SCW down-regulated levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol in serum and significantly increased p-AMPK, Sirt1, and PGC-1α in liver tissue. In addition, the expressions of fatty acid oxidation-related proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT-1A), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) were significantly up-regulated. However, fatty acid synthesis-related proteins including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (p-ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were significantly down-regulated. Conclusions : Taken together, SCW treatment showed anti-obesity effect by regulating both fatty acid oxidation-related and fatty acid synthesis-related proteins through AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α signaling in 60% HFD-induced obese mice.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.788-795
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• 2002

본 연구는 프락토즈 중합체인 레반의 지질 감소 효과와 비만 유전자인 UCP를 통한 에너지 대사에 미치는 효과를 살펴보기 위하여 성장기 6주간 AIN-76A diet로 사육한 흰쥐에게 레반을 식이 섭취량의 1%, 2%로 5주간 경구투여하여, 혈중 지질 수준과 체지방 형성 및 혈중 인슬린, 렙틴 농도와 갈색 지방 조직, 백색지방 조직, 골격 근육, 시상하부에서 의 UCP mRNA 발현량 변화를 관찰하였다. 연구 결과를 종합해 보면 다음과 같다. 1) 레반군에서 혈청 중성지방과 총 콜레스테롤은 감소하고 HDL 콜레스테롤 수준은 영향을 미치지 않아 1%와 2% 레반 공급이 지질 대사를 개선시킬 수 있음을 보여주었다. 2) 1%와 2% 레반군에서 내장 지방 무게가 감소하여 적은 양의 레반 공급으로 체지방 축적이 억제될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 3) 갈색 지방 조직과 부고환 지방, 복막 지방 무게는 그룹간 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 4) 혈청 인슬린 농도는 1% 레반군에서, 혈청 렙틴 농도는 1% 레반군, 2% 레반군에서 대조군에 비해 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으나 통계적 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. 5) 1%와 2% 레반 공급에 의하여 갈색 지방 조직과 골격근육, 시상하부에서의 UCP mRNA발현량에는 변화가 없었다. 6) 백색 지방 조직의 UCP 2 mRNA 발현량이 레반 공급에 의해 증가하여 1%와 2%레반 공급에 의해 에너지 소비율이 증가할 수 있음이 나타났다 결론적으로 저농도의 1%와 1% 액상 레반 공급은 총 식이의 ,3%～5% 레반 공급과 비교하여 혈중 총 콜레스테롤과 중성 지방 감소 효과에는 차이가 있으나 UCP 발현 증가에 미치는 영향은 적은 것으로 보인다. 그러나 저농도의 1～2% 액상 레반 공급으로 지질 대사를 개선하고 체지방 축적을 어느 정도 억제하는 효과를 나타냄을 알 수 있으며 이에 관한 임상 연구로 레반의 고지혈증과 비만을 조절하는 기능성 식품 소재로서의 가능성 검색이 요망된다.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.390-396
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• 2020

In vitro 및 동물시험 결과를 통해, 국내 천연 해양자원인 우뭇가사리 추출물의 체지방 감소 기능에 대해 살펴본 결과, 우뭇가사리 추출물이 고지방 식이 동물시험에서 체중 및 체지방 증가 억제 기능이 있음을 확인하였다. 우뭇가사리 추출물은 C/EBPα, β, SREPB-1, PPARγ 등 지방세포 분화 촉진 인자들의 발현을 억제하였고, 지방세포 분화 억제 조절 인자로 알려진 CHOP10의 발현은 촉진시켰다. 또한, 우뭇가사리 추출물은 AGTL의 발현을 촉진함으로써 지방분해 촉진 효과를 나타내었고, 중성지방의 합성 과정에 관여하는 LPAATθ, Lipin1, DGAT1 및 FAS의 발현을 억제하였으며, 지방 및 에너지 대사의 주요 조절 인자인 AMPK phosphorylation, PRDM16 및 UCP-1의 발현을 촉진하였다. 따라서 우뭇가사리 추출물은 체내 지방 대사에 있어서, 지방 합성 및 지방세포 분화를 억제하고, 지방분해 및 에너지 대사를 촉진하는 작용기전으로 체지방 감소 기능을 갖는 것으로 사료된다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때, 국내 천연 해양 자원인 우뭇가사리 추출물은 체내 지방 대사에 있어서 다양한 작용기전을 통해 우수한 체지방 감소 기능을 나타내고 있어 체지방 감소 건강기능식품 분야에서 유용한 신소재로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 나아가 본 연구진은 동물 시험에서 우뭇가사리 추출물의 혈당 조절 및 인슐린 저항성 개선 효과도 확인한 바 있어 대사증후군의 근본 원인인 복부 지방 및 인슐린 저항성 개선 효과를 모두 기대할 수 있는 소재로서의 가능성이 확인되었다. 추후 지질 및 당 대사에 관련된 작용기전 및 생체 지표의 상호 연관성, 인체에서의 혈당 개선 및 대사증후군 개선 효과 확인 등 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 이를 통해 체지방 감소는 물론, 대사증후군 감소를 위한 건강기능식품 및 당뇨병 환자식 등의 분야에서 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.649-655
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• 2005

Nutrigenomics refers to research that investigates the interaction between nutrition and the human genome. Caffeine in tea and coffee is widely and routinely consumed by people. This study was performed to confirm the effect of caffeine treatment on the gene expression and cytokine profiling in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells using microarray and protein array methodology. Treatment of caffeine in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells increased expression of several genes related with obesity including adipocyte C1Q and collagen domain containing (ACDC), Adipsin (ADN), uncoupling protein 3(UCP3), while glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which is known as lipid storage enzyme, was decreased by caffeine treatment. Furthermore, cytokines, such as interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-12(IL-12), interleukin-13 (IL-13), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were decreased in caffeine treated 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. These results provided interesting information about the genes related with caffeine and cytokine expression profiling in obesity.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.288-295
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• 2014

Bojungchiseub-tang (BJCST) has been used in symptoms and signs of edema, dampness-phlegm, kidney failure, and so on. BJCST is also expected to have strong anti-obesity activities. However, little is known about the mechanisms of its inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. In the present study, we examined the effects and mechanism of BJCST on transcription factors and adipogenic genes of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to understand its inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. Our results showed that BJCST significantly inhibited differentiation and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate the mechanism of the effects of BJCST on lowering lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we examined whether BJCST modulate the expressions of transcription factors to induce adipogenesis and adipogenic genes related to regulate accumulation of lipids. As a result, the expression of steroid regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)1, cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine (CCAAT)/enhancer binding proteins ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), $C/EBP{\beta}$, $C/EBP{\delta}$, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) genes, which induce the adipose differentiation, liver X receptor $(LXR){\alpha}$ and fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes, which induce lipogenesis and adipose-specific aP2, Adipsin, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), CD36, TGF-${\beta}$, leptin and adiponectin genes, which compose fat formation were decreased. BJCST also reduced the expression of acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) and uncoupling protein (UCP) genes related to lipid oxidation. In conclusion, BJCST could regulate transcript factor related to induction of adipose differentiation and inhibited the accumulation of lipids and expression of adipogenic genes.