• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.128-130
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• 1999

In vitro activity of commonly used antimicrobial agents against several clinical isolates were studied. In the case of E. coli, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 100, 25, 0.2, 100<, 3.13, and $12.5{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$ , respectively. In the case of K . pneumoniae, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, crfazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 12.5, 100<, 0.1, 100<, 1.6, and $0.4{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$ , respectively. In the case of Enterobacter sp, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 100, 100<, 6.25, 100<, 100 and $1.57{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$ , respectively. In the case of Acinetobacter sp, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 100<, 100<, 100<, 100< 100< and $50{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$ , respectively. In the case of Pseudomonas sp, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 100<, 100<, 50, 100<, 25 and $25{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$, respectively. In the case of S. aureus, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 50, 50, 100<, 100<, 50, 50, and $100{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.96-99
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• 2004

Aminophylline, ceftriaxone 및 ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn)을 미숙아용 고영양수액제에 직접 첨가하거나 Y-site로 투여하는 경우의 안정성에 관해 조사하였다. Aminophylline 주사액 (25mg/mL) $300{\mu}l$와 ceftriaxone sodium (37.5 mg/mL) 2mL를 각각 고영양수액제 직접 첨가하였다. 또한 Y-site에서의 안정성 조사를 위해 ceftriaxone sodium (37.5 mg/mL)을 고영양수액제에 각각 1:1 및 1:2 부피비가 되도록 혼합하였고 Unasyn (25mg/mL)은 고영양수액제와 1:1의 부피비로 혼합하였다. 이상과 같이 조제한 혼합액을 $25^{\circ}C$와 $4^{\circ}C$에 보관하여 aminophylline은 48시간 동안 그리고 항생제들은 24시간 동안의 경시변화를 HPLC를 이용하여 분석하였다. Aminophylline은 위 보존조건에서 48시간동안 안정하였다(변화율 <$10{\%}$). Ceftriaxone sodium을 고영양수액제에 직접 첨가한 경우 ceftriaxone의 잔존률은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 4시간째에 $90.5{\pm}1.8{\%}$이었고 $4^{\circ}C$에는 $95.1{\pm}1.4{\%}$로 측정되었다. Y-site에서의 안정성과 관련하여 ceftriaxone sodium을 고영양수액제와 1:1로 혼합한 경우 양 보존조건에서 ceftriaxone은 24시간 동안 안정하였으나 1:2로 혼합한 경우에는 $4^{\circ}C$ 보관 시에만 안정하였고 $25^{\circ}C$에서는 24시간째에 약 $14{\%}$ 정도 분해되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, Unasyn의 경우 ampicillin은 24시간째에 $4^{\circ}C$ 보관 시에만 안정하였고 $25^{\circ}C$에서는 24시간째에 약 $14{\%}$정도 분해되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, Unasyn의 경우 ampicillin은 24시간째에 $4^{\circ}C$에서는 안정하였으나 $25^{\circ}C$에서는 $30{\%}$까지 감소되는 것으로 분석되었고 sulbactam은 24시간째에 온도와 관계없이 안정한 것으로 나타났다. Ceftriaxone sodium을 TPN과 Y-site 혼합 후 1-2시간 이내에 침천이 형성되었고 Unasyn의 경우에는 12시간째에 침천이 형성되었다. 혼합액의 pH나 색상은 연구기간 동안 일정하였다. 이러한 연구결과에 기초할 때, aminophylline은 고영양수액제와 혼합가능하고 ceftriaxone과 Unasyn은 고양양수액제와 혼합시 최소 1시간 동안은 안정한 것으로 평가되었다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2002

Purpose: The incidence of shigellosis had been decreased due to the use of antibiotics and the improvement of environmental sanitation but recently increases again. Shigellosis occurrs in mass outbreak through unsanitized meal preperation refered from welfare facility and school. We observed epidemic aspect and clinical coarse of childhood shigellosis. Methods: from December 2001 to January 2002, 22 inpatients with shigellosis in Dongbu Municipal Hospital were observed epidemiologically, clinically and microbiologically. Results: 1. The sexual ratio was 1:1 and mean age was $5.5{\pm}1.4$ years (14 months to 11 years). 2. The clinical manifestations were following: diarrhea (95.5%), high feve (10%) and asymptomatic (4.5%). The mean duration was $3.9{\pm}2.1$ days (1 to 12 days). All patients had no complication and normal serologic test. 3. S. sonnei was cultured in rectal swab, and was resistant to TMP/SMX and ampicillin, but susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam and the 3rd generation cephalosporins. 4. The patients were treated by antibiotics with conservative treatment including electrolytes and fluid therapy for 5 days, resulting in improvement confirmed by negative reaction on stool culture. 5. These cases were all occurred in mass outbreak in day care center and were suspected to be secondary infection by members of family. Conclusion: This shigellosis occurred in day care center was secondary infection due to S. sonnei and had mild clinical coarse and improvement after antibiotic treatment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.345-363
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• 1994

This study attempted to identify important problems of the factors related to the indwelling catheter with closed drainage and to enhance recognization of Urinary Tract Infection management to protect patients with indwelling catheter from UTI. We selected the 58 patients with indwelling catheter with closed drainage from md-surg. intensive care units, and general neurological and neurosurgical ward, in one hospital in Pusan, Korea from May 30 to October 15, 1993. Patients were examined by urinary analysis before inserting catheter and then by urine cultures three times. The obtained data was analized using an SPSS /PC$^{+}$ The statistical analyses employed here was the frequency, percentage and x$^2$-tests. 1. Analyses for Indwelling Catheter induced UTI and infection rates were found to be presented in patients related to the factors of being on antibiotic drugs (x$^2$=14.105, p=.000) and the duration of the indwelling catheter(x$^2$=58.0, p=.000), both of which were found to affect the UTI. 2. UTI rates according to the duration of the in-dwelling catheter were high 8.6％ for the 2nd day, 27.6 for the 4th day, and 36.2% for the 7th day, and as the duration for the indwelling catheter was longer, UTI rates were higher. 3. The UTI rates according to the duration of the indwelling catheter related re factors, on the 7th day, were high-52.0% for women, 37.0% for more than 50 years in ages, 30.0% for patients under sur-gery, 33.3% for altered mental states outsides the alert, 76.7% for patients not given antibiotic drugs, 36.4% for less than 3500cc of fluids intakes, it was found that these affected to increase the UTI. 4. Causative organisms of UTI were found ; E.Coli appears the most than all other isolated organisms in women and Klebsiella and Pseudomonas in men. For antibiotic susceptibility of causative organisms, all causative organisms were found to be susceptible to Sul -cefoperazone, Trim-prim, and unasyn and Pseudomonas mostly net susceptible.e.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.723-737
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• 1997

본 연구의 목적은 조직유도재생술의 초기치유시에 구강양치액으로 사용되어지는 0.1% 클로르헥시딘과 0.2% 클로르헥시딘을 사용했을 경우, 양치액을 사용하지 않았을 경우의 세균감염 정도를 비교하는 것이다. 30명의 성인형 치주염에 이환되어진 사람을 대상으로 하였다. 초기치료(Scaling/Root planing/Oral hygiene instruction)를 시행한 후에 한 사람에 한 군데씩 선정하여 2급이나 3급의 치근이개부를 가지고 임상적으로 혹은 방사선학적으로 치간골내낭을 보이지 않는 치아에 통법에 따라 Gore-TexTM를 위치시켰다. 술후 5일간 항생제 (UnasynTM 375mg tablet p.o.tid)를 투여하고 차폐막을 제거할 때까지(4주 혹은 6주) 10명의 환자에게는 0.1% 클로르헥시딘을, 다른 10명의 환자에게는 0.2% 클로르헥시딘으로 구강양치를 하게 하고, 또 다른 10명의 환자에게는 구강양치액을 사용하지 않도록 하였다. 또 1주일에 한번씩 전문가구강위생술식을 실시하였다. 4주나 6주 후에 차폐막을 제거하고 주사전자현미경, 혐기성 세균배양을 이용하여 세균감염정도를 비교하였다. 1. 주사전자현미경으로 관찰시에 0.1% 클로르헥시딘을 사용했을 경우와 0.2% 클로르헥시딘을 사용했을 경우, 클로르헥시딘을 사용하지 않은 경우에 별 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 2. 혐기성 세균배양시에 0.2% 클로르헥시딘을 사용했을 경우, 0.1%클로르헥시딘을 사용했을 경우보다 적은 수의 세균 수를 보였으나 통계적으로 유의할 만한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 클로르헥시딘을 사용하지 않은 경우에는 다른 두 경우에 비해 통계적으로 유의할 만한 차이를 보였다.(P<0.05) 3. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia를 인지한 경우에는 세 경우 모두 비슷한 비율로 발견되었다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.5 s.72
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• pp.790-795
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• 2005

The effects of liquid culture of Coriolus (C) versicolor on weight gain, food intakes, food efficiency ratios, serum and hepatic lipid concentrations were investigated in male rats fed the high cholesterol diets. Eight weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats were given three different types of diet for six weeks, respectively: a control diet ($ 20\% fat +0.5 \% $ cholesterol), two kinds of C versicolor diet (control diet + $ 30\% or 40\%$C. versicozor in water) according to the levels of C. versicolor supplementation. The body weight gains of the rats fed $ 30\% or 40\% $ C. versicolor diets were lower than those in the rats fed the control diet. The food intake, food efficiency ratios, and liver, kidney, epididymal fat pad weights of the rats fed $ 30\% or 40\%$ C. versicoEer diets were similar to those of the rats fed the control diet. The concentrations of hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride in the rats fed $ 30\% or 40\% $ C. versicolor diets were significantly lower than those in the rats fed the control diet. The concentrations in serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and atherogenic index ratios were significantly lower in the rats fed $ 30\% or 40\%$ C. versicolor diets compared to those fed the control diet. The HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol ratios was significantly higher in the rats fed $ 30\% or 40\% $ C. versicolor diets compared to those fed the control diet. The fecal excretion of total lipid and triglyceride in the rats fed $ 40\% $ C. versicolor diet was significantly higher than that of the rats fed the control diet. There were no significant difference found in the serum trigly-ceride, phospholipid and HDL-cholesterol concentrations among the experimental groups. These results showed that the C. versicolor feeding decreased the hepatic cholesterol, triglyceride, and the serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, and increased the serum HDL-cholesterol/ total-cholesterol ratio of the rats.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.225-232
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• 2000

Purpose : The use antimicrobial agents is one of the important strategies for the treatment and prophylaxis of microbial infections. But injudicious abuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents is problem to add an extra weight on medical fee, increase of resistant bacteria and side effects according to the antibiotic use. This study was performed to establish the pertinent use of antimicrobial agent in Chonbuk National University Hospital(CNUH). Characteristics of antibiotics use was analysis by reviewing the medical records of patients admitted to CNUH during the period of May 1998. Methods : One thousand eight hundred and thirty three patients were enrolled in this study(medical division 1,014 cases, surgical division 819 cases). Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to classify the rate of antibiotics use, name of antibiotics used, appropriateness of antibiotics use. Results : The overall rate of antibiotic usage in CNUH was 67.2%(1,231/1,833), showing higher rate in surgical division(89.6%) compare to that of medical division(49.0%). Among 1,231 patients to whom antimicrobial agents were given, only 125(10.2%) were treated with single antimicrobial agents. 311(25.3%) were treated with two antimicrobial agents, and 795(64.5%) patients received 3 or more antibiotics. ${\beta}$-lactams(56.4%) were most frequently used followed by aminoglycosides(35.3%), the others(4.9%) and quinolons(3.4%). Amoxicillin-clavulanate was the mostly commonly used antibiotics followed by amoxicillin and unasyn. Prophylactic use of antibiotics was carried in seven hundred six patients(57.4%), mostly in surgical division, which can be considered somewhat inappropriate in the initiation time and duration of antibiotic use. Conclusion : Importance of monotherapy and appropriate prophylactic antibiotic use should be emphasized. Strategies of antibiotics use, such as restriction of drug use, continuous monitoring system, flow sheet system should be considered to reduce antibiotics use and establish the appropriate use of antibiotics as well as inhibiting the occurrence of resistant strains.