• 생약학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.101-104
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• 2000

An inhibitory activity against ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ was identified in extract of an edible lichen, Umbilicaria esculenta. The inhibitor was very stable retaining above 95% of its original activity when treated with heat, acid and alkaline conditions, and some hydrolytic enzymes. Partially purified inhibitor showed strong inhibition against disaccharide hydrolytic enzymes of mammalian and mold origin, but weak or no inhibition against polysaccharide hydrolytic enzymes except glucoamylase. The inhibitor suppressed elevation of blood glucose level in rats after oral administration of soluble starch or sucrose.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.195-199
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• 1997

For the purpose of isolation and screening of tyrosinase inhibitory activity from edible mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula-Judae, Umbilicaria esculenta, Agaricus bisporus, Flammuline velutipes, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Coriouls versicolor were examined by tracing inhibitory activities against tyrosinase, utilizing L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as a substrate. Among the eight edible mushrooms tested, Umbilicaria esculenta showed potent enzyme inhibitory activities above 7804% against tyrosinase in ethylacetate (EtOAc) extracts. Ganoderma lucidum and Agaricus bisporus showed inhibitory activities of 67.3% and 51.5% in water extracts. EtOAc extracts of Umbilicaria esculenta was fractionated from silicagel column chromatography and one fraction showed the most inhibitory activity of 60.9%. The three bands (Rf=0.38, 0.27, 0.19) were isolated from preparative TLC of the fraction for purification and identified as mixtures of orsellinate, methyl orsellinate, methyl lecanorate, and methyl gyrophorate by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultravisible spectrophotometer (UV), mass spectrophotometer (Mass), nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR).

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.526-530
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• 1995

Phospholipase A$_{2}$ (PLA$_{2}$) is lipolytic enzyme that has known to be involved in inflammation. In the course of our screening for antiinflammatory compounds from natural products, a compound having PLA$_{2}$ inhibitory activities was isolated from the methanol extract of Umbilicaria esculenta. The compound was identified as lecanoric acid based on various NMR studies including DEPT, HETERO-COSY and HMBC experiments. Lecanoric acid inhibited human rheumatoid synovial PLA$_{2}$ activity with IC$_{50}$ of 0.17 mM and also exhibited antitumor activity (ED$_{50}$=2.7 $\mu $g/ml) against skin tumor cell line (LOX-IMVI).

• Mycobiology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.203-206
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• 2009

To develop new antidementia nutraceuticals, a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting extract was screened from various extracts of nutritional mushrooms and lichens nutritional and its physicochemical properties were investigated. Among the several extracts tested, methanol extracts of Umbilicaria esculenta fruiting body showed the highest AChE inhibitory activity of 22.4%. U. esculenta AChE inhibitor was maximally extracted when fruiting bodies were treated with 80% methanol at $40^{\circ}C$ for 18 h. The methanol extracts contained 18.9% crude lipid, 18.8% crude protein, and 11.6% total sugar. In addition, they contained 444 mg/g glutamic acid, 44 mg/g histidine, and 41 mg/g aspartic acid. The methanol extracts were soluble in a solution of methanol and 20% dimethylsulfoxide, insoluble in n-hexane, chloroform, and water, and were stable at $20{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ and pH $1.0{\sim}5.0$ for 1 h.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.578-582
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• 2007

The primary objective of this study was to assess the in vitro melanogenesis inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of the edible and medicinal lichens, Umbilicaria (Gyrophora) esculenta and Usnea longissima. The quantities of the total phenolic compounds of methanolic extract of the two lichen extracts were determined to be 1.46% and 2.62%, respectively. In order to evaluate the antioxidative effects of the extracts, we also measured electron donating abilities (EDA) and lipid peroxidation rates. The EDA values measured by the reduction of 1.1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 72.8% and 80.7% for the extracts, with $SC_{50}$ (median scavenging concentration) values of $1.29{\pm}0.05\;mg/ml$ and $1.03{\pm}0.06\;mg/ml$, respectively. The rates of inhibition of lipid peroxidation using linoleic acid were 92.1% and 97.3% for the extracts, with $IC_{50}$ (median inhibitory concentration) values of $0.57{\pm}0.05\;mg/ml$ and $0.53{\pm}0.06\;mg/ml$, respectively. The inhibitory rates of the extracts against tyrosinase were 67.4% and 84.8%, respectively. The extracts were shown to reduce melanin formation in human melanoma cells. Melanin contents in the samples treated with 0.01% and 0.1% U. esculenta were 47.1% and 31.2%, respectively, and those treated with 0.01% and 0.1% Usnea longissima were 51.1% and 34.9%, respectively, whereas a value of 54.0% was registered when ascorbic acid was utilized as a positive control. In addition to direct tyrosinase inhibition, it was determined that the lichen extracts affected the activity of tyrosinase via the inhibition of tyrosinase glycosylation. As a result, the methanolic extracts of U. esculenta and Usnea longissima evidenced melanogenesis inhibitory effects, which occurred via multiple routes.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제24권3호통권78호
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• pp.237-242
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• 1996

Phospholipase $A_2(PLA_2)$는 생체막의 주요 구성성분인 인지질의 sn-2위치에서 지방산 ester 결합을 가수분해하는 효소로 염증과 관련된 질병에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려졌다. 본 연구에서는 항염증 치료제의 개발을 목표로 $PLA_2$의 특이적 저해물질을 탐색하던 중 Umbilicaria esculenta석이(石耳)의 메탄올 추출물로부터 $PLA_2$ 저해활성을 갖는 두 화합물 G2, G3를 분리하였다. 활성물질의 분리는 U. esculenta의 메탄올 추출물을 에틸아세테이트로 추출하고 실리카 젤 컬럼, 크로로포름 추출, preparative TLC 등에 의하여 정제하였다. 각종 스펙트럼 분석 및 $^1H,\;^{13}C$, DEPT 등의 NMR 실험에 의하여 G2 화합물은 분자량 124, 분자식 $C_7H_8O_2$ 5-methyl-1,3-benzendiol(orcinol), G3 화합물은 분자량 182, 분자식 $C_9H_{10}O_4$의 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-benzoic acid methyl ester(methyl orsellinic acid) 페놀성 화합물로 동정하였다. 본 화합물의 $PLA_2$ 저해활성은 $IC_{50}$값이 G2의 경우 0.22 mM, G3의 경우 0.26 mM이었다. 그 후 이 두 화합물의 in vivo 염증모델에서 그 효능을 검토할 예정이다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.188-197
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• 2010

Background: Lichen-derived glucans have been known to stimulate the functions of immune cells. However, immunostimulatory activity of glucan obtained from edible lichen, Umbilicaria esculenta, has not been reported. Thus we evaluated the phenotype and functional maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) following treatment of extracted glucan (PUE). Methods: The phenotypic and functional maturation of PUE-treated DCs was assessed by flow cytometric analysis and cytokine production, respectively. PUE-treated DCs was also used for mixed leukocyte reaction to evaluate T cell-priming capacity. Finally we detected the activation of MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ by immunoblot. Results: Phenotypic maturation of DCs was shown by the elevated expressions of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class I/II molecules. Functional activation of DCs was proved by increased cytokine production of IL-12, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\alpha}/{\beta}$, decreased endocytosis, and enhanced proliferation of allogenic T cells. Polymyxin B, specific inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), did not affect PUE activity, which suggested that PUE was free of LPS contamination. As a mechanism of action, PUE increased phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs, and enhanced nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p50/p65 in DCs. Conclusion: These results indicate that PUE induced DC maturation via MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathways.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2016

석이버섯과 한방재료를 첨가하여 만든 숙성된 석이버섯주에 grapefruit seed extract(GSE)를 0.5%, 1% 첨가하여 $4^{\circ}C$는 165일간, $25^{\circ}C$ 75일간 저장하면서 약주의 저장성과 품질 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 품질 특성은 pH, 총산도, 탁도, 일반세균수 및 ethanol, glucose, acetic acid, lactic acid 함량을 분석하였다. GSE 무첨가 약주는 저장 중 pH, 총산도, 탁도, acetic acid, lactic acid가 급격하게 증가한 반면에 GSE 0.5%, 1% 첨가 약주는 미미하게 증가하여 큰 변화 양상을 보이지 않았으며 GSE 무첨가 대조군과 유의적인 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 일반세균수는 대조군보다 GSE 첨가군에서 유의하게 적었으며(P<0.05), 모든 시험군에서 대장균, 효모 곰팡이는 검출되지 않았다. Ethanol 함량은 저장 중 조금씩 증가하였고, glucose 함량은 저장 중 약간 감소하였으나 저장 중 큰 변화는 없었으며, ethanol, glucose 함량 모두 대조군과 GSE 첨가군의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 따라서 식품규격에 따라 품질 유지기한이 $25^{\circ}C$는 3개월, $4^{\circ}C$는 6개월까지 섭취가 가능할 것으로 판단되며 이로써 GSE는 약주의 저장성 향상 및 품질 증진에 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.478-488
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• 2018

Mushrooms have been widely cultivated and consumed as foods and herbal medicines owing to their various biological properties. However, few studies have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of mushrooms. Here, we investigated the effects of mushroom extracts (MEs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). First, we extracted MEs with either water or ethanol. Using LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, we measured cell proliferation and NO production. Gene expression of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-6 (IL-6), and $IL-1{\beta}$ was assessed by RT-PCR, and protein abundance of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and phosphorylation of p65 were determined by immunoblotting. MEs prepared using both water and ethanol inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) levels induced by LPS were reduced by treatment with MEs. Isaria japonica Yasuda water extracts and Umbilicaria esculenta (Miyoshi) Minks ethanol extracts significantly decreased the mRNA expression of inflammation-related cytokine genes including $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$. Similarly, the protein abundance of iNOS and COX-2 was also decreased. The phosphorylation of p65, a subunit of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ was at least partly suppressed by MEs. This study suggests that mushrooms could be included in the diet to prevent and treat macrophage-related chronic immune diseases.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국약용작물학회 2009년도 심포지엄 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.213-214
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• 2009