• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.426-432
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• 2001

Vitamin B(sub)12(cobalamin) is an essential nutrient in human and it is particularly important during pregnancy. Nevertheless very few studies have reported, concerning vitamin B(sub)12 in relation with reproduction. This study was conducted to evaluate the vitamin B(sub)12 nutrition status of Korean pregnant women and to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin B(sub)12 levels of maternal-umbilical cord blood and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary vitamin B(sub)12 intakes of the pregnants were estimated by semiquantitative frequency questionnaire. Serum vitamin B(sub)12 levels in both maternal blood and umbilical cord blood of 30 pregnant women at delivery were measured by radioimmunoassay. Mean vitamin B(sub)12 intake was 3.3$\pm$1.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/d which was 125.8% of the Korean RDA(2.6$\mu\textrm{g}$) for vitamin B(sub)12 level of umbilical cord blood was 607.8$\pm$282.9pg/ml, more than two fold of maternal vitamin B(sub)12 level 268.6$\pm$97.8pg/ml. This finding indicates that fetal uptake of vitamin B(sub)12 in the fetus may be due to an active transport mchanism across the placenta. Umbilical cord blood vitamin B(sub)12 levels were highly correlated with maternal levels($r^2$=0.548, p<0.001), showing that fetal vitamin B(sub)12 level is affected by maternal status. However there was no significant correlation between the serum vitamin B(sub)12 levels in maternal-umbilical cord blood and the pregnancy outcomes except for the birth weight. Maternal-umbilical serum vitamin B(sub)12 levels were the highest in the group of birth weight 3.0-3.5kg, and the lowest in the group of birthweight below 3.0kg. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 426~432, 2001)

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.166-174
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• 2002

Background: Human umbilical cord bloods, which could be taken during the delivery are utilized as a source of hematopoietic stem cells. Also in cord blood, there are several kinds of stem cells such as endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells. Methods: We isolated the mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord bloods and confirmed the differentiation of these cells into osteoblast progenitor cells. The mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood have the ability to differentiate into specific tissue cells, which is one of characteristics of stem cells. These cells were originated from the multipolar shaped cells out of adherent cells of the umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell culture. Results: The mesenchymal stem cells expressed cell surface antigen CD13, CD90, CD102, CD105, ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin and cytoplasmic antigen vimentine. Having cultrued these cells in bone formation media, we observed the formation of extracellular matrix and the expression of alkaline phosphatase and of mRNA of cbfa-1, ostoecalcin and type I collagen. Conclusion: From these results we concluded that the cells isolated from the umbilical cord blood were mesenchymal stem cells, which we could differentiate into osteoblast when cultured in bone formation media. In short, it is suggested that these cells could be used as a new source of stem cells, which has the probability to alternate the embryonic stem cells.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.289-295
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• 2002

This study was conducted to quantify of micronucleus frequencies in human umbilical cord blood by supravital staining method with acridine orange, and to find some factors that affected on micronucleus frequncies in humans. In this study, we used umbilical cord blood of new born infants that have sufficient reticulocytes compared with adult peripheral blood. The cord bloods were taken after childbirth from 60 normal infants in industrial and coastal region in Korea. The total of 3 ${mu}ell$ cord blood was applied to slide coated with acridine orange, and micronuclei were observed under fluorescent microscopy. Demographic factors and independent variables were collected from mothers by questionnaire. The frequencies of micronuclei in umbilical cord blood of new born infants were 0-5 per 2,000 reticulocytes by supravital staining method, and mean value and standard deviation were 1.75$\pm$0.97. There were no significant difference by the regions, smoking habits of father or mother. However, age of mother showed significant positive correlation with frequencies of micronuclei (p<0.05). Smoking at home by fathers also was found as a significant variable by muliple regression analysis. Therefore, further studies would be needed for genotoxicological evaluation of new born infants by microneuli test using supravital staining method.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.814-821
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess the maternal zinc status during pregnancy and to evaluate the relationship between the zinc concentration of maternal, umblical cord blood and placental tissue and pregnancy outcomes. Venous blood samples were drawn from 53 pregnant women just before delivery and the cord blood of their newborn babies was collected immediately after birth. In addition, placental tissues were extracted. We investigated the difference in the concentration of zinc in maternal, umbilical cord blood and placental tissue in two gestational age groups (preform delivery group [PT] and normal term delivery group [NT]) at 34.7 wk and 39.0 wk of mean gestational age, respectively). We also assessed correlations of the zinc concentration of maternal, umbilical cord blood and placental tissue. Lastly, we studied the correlations between the birth weights and the zinc concentration in the maternal, umbilical cord blood and placental tissue. The concentrations of maternal serum zinc and of umbilical cord serum zinc were significantly higher in the PT group (76.9$\pm$37.4 $\mu/dl$, 101.3$\pm$41.4 $\mu/dl$) than in those of the NT group (57.8$\pm$22.4 $\mu/dl$, 80.7$\pm$27.5 $\mu/dl$), respectively (p<0.05). The zinc concentration of the umbilical cord blood was significantly higher than that of the maternal blood in both groups (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the gestational age and the serum zinc concentration in the cord or the maternal serum. Our results showed that there was a negative relationship between the birth weight (r=-0.286) and the maternal serum zinc concentration. Despite there not being a significant difference, there was tendency for the highest concentrations of maternal serum zinc to be associated with the lowest birth weights. These findings support a possible relationship between the maternal zinc status and the pregnancy outcome, and suggest that zinc may play a role in the many biological processes involved in the successful outcome of a pregnancy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.341-347
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• 1999

Pregnant Yorkshire gilts were utilized to investigate the efficacy of exogenous administration of pST and/or insulin in enhancing prenatal piglet survival, uteroplacental and umbilical cord growth and development. Gilts were randomly assigned in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement to four treatment combinations consisting of either daily i.m. injections of 5 mg pST (P, n=23); 0.50 IU/kg of insulin (I, n=23); combination of pST and insulin (P+I, n=23); or 1 ml of saline as control (C, n=23) from gestation Day 30 to 70. All gilts were sacrificed on gestation d 113 to evaluate piglet survival and uteroplacental or umbilical cord development Uteri were longer (346.3 vs 325.7 cm; p<0.05), and heavier (3122.8 vs 2940.7 g; p<0.05) in insulin treated gilts. Only placental macroscopic surface area was enhanced by maternal insulin injections (p<0.05) Incidence of umbilical cord abnormalities were low (14.3%), and they were independent of maternal treatment, occurring more in short cords than in long ones (21 vs 12%; p<0.05). A 6% increase in cord length (53.2 vs 48.6 cm; p=<0.05) was observed in piglets from treated gilts compared with controls. Significant sex differences (in favour of males) were observed in piglet weight, crown rump length and for most umbilical or placental parameters. Gilt weight gains from breeding to Day 113 of gestation were 10% and 15% greater in pST and insulin treated gilts compared with controls. These data indicate that prepartum injections of pST and/or insulin to gestating gilts seem to have a beneficial effect on uteroplacental or umbilical cord development and promote conditions conducive for perinatal piglet survival.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.98-106
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• 1991

본 연구에서 정상적인 분만 산모의 제대동맥혈의 pH와 신생아의 Apgar score및 질병의 이환유무를 관찰하였고, 또한 분만시 제대결찰 시간의 경과가 태아의 혈중가스농도의 변화 및 신생아의 건강에 미치는가를 분석해 보였다. 본 연구의 결과, 불량한 Apgar score를 보인 많은 신생아에서 산성증을 보인 경우가 적음으로 제대동맥혈의 pH와 Apgar score의 상관관계는 미약한 것으로 생각되며, 제대동맥혈의 분석이 Apgar score보다는 태아의 건강상태의 파악에는 좀더 도움이 되리라 생각한다. 그러나 제대동맥혈의 pH와 Apgar score등, 단독적인 지표만으로 초기 신생아의 건강 상태 및 평가 및 관리에 임상적 의의를 부여하기는 어려웠다. 또한 분만시 제대혈관의 결찰의 시간의 결정은 대부분의 산과의들의 토론의 대상처럼 어느 시간이 태아의 건강에 도움이 되는가는 결정할 수가 없었다. 그러나 신생아의 건강 상태를 파악하기 위해서 제대동맥혈을 채취할 경우는, 조기결찰의 특별한 적응증이 없는 한 분만직후에는 제대결찰을 시행하지 않고 즉시 제대동맥혈을 채취하는 것이 바람직하다고 할 수 있다. 이는 분만직후의 제대동맥혈이 분만진통이나 분만자체가 태아에 미치는 영향을 가장 잘 반영하기 때문으로 생각되어지기 때문이다. 태아의 건강의 지표로서 Apgar score, 제대혈관내의 pH와 가스농도의 분석이 그 정확도와 감수성을 더하기 위해서는 좀 더 많은 대상군과 좀 더 다양한 대조군으로 연구를 하여야 할 것 으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.577-584
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• 1999

The correlation between maternal lipid nutritional status during pregnancy and gestational length was investigated. Subjects consisted of 30 full-term delivery mothers, 30 preterm delivery mothers, and babies of both groups. Dietary fat intake during pregnancy and serum lipid levels in mother and umbilical serum were measured. The mean daily intake levels of fatty acid during pregnancy were lower than the recommended dietary allowances, while $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios of dietary fatty acids were acceptable. For preterm delivery mothers, fatty acid intake levels to be lower than those in full-term delivery mothers, especially DHA intake of these two groups was significantly different. During gestation, hyperlipidemia was apparent in the pregnant women. The serum lipid contents of preterm delivery mothers tended to be lower than those of full-term delivery mothers, and umbilical cord serum lipid contents of the preterm delivery group tended to be higher than those of the full-term delivery group. Total cholesterol levels in the umbilical cord serum of preterm babies were significantly higher than those of full-term delivery group. On the other hand, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels between umbilical cord serum and maternal serum were positively correlated in the preterm delivery group. Concerning, energy and fatty acid intakes were more closely associated with umbilical cord serum lipid levels in full-term babies, but negatively associated in preterm babies. It was concluded that gestational length was related to the dietary intake of fatty acids such as DHA in pregnant women. For better understanding, the ralationship between placental lipid transport mechanisms and gestational length needs to be explored.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.817-824
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze the intake of antioxidant vitamins and plasma TRAP concentrations of 60 maternal-infant pairs (30 in normal term delivery group, NT; 30 in preform group, PT) We also investigated the relationship between plasma TRAP levels of maternal-umbilical cord blood and pregnancy outcomes. Mean energy intakes of NT and PT pregnant women were 93.2% and 85.4% and their protein intakes were 113.3% and 110.9% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), respectively. The vitamin A intakes of NT and W pregnant women were 559.7 RE and 497.8 RE, which were less than RDA. While the vitamin E and C intakes of both NT and PT pregnant women were more than RDA. The maternal plasma TRAP level of PT was 1.41 mmol/l and that of was 1.50 mmol/l, which was significantly higher than TRAP level of PT (p < 0.05) . The umblical cord plasma TRAP levels of NT and PT were 1.44 mmol/l and 1.23 mmol/l, which indicates the significant difference between those two groups (p < 0.001) . In case of comparing the TRAP level of maternal and umbilical cord blood, there was no significant difference in NT pregnant women, however, in PT group maternal the TRAP level significant higher than that of umbilical cord (p < 0.001). The length of gestation and plasma TRAP level of maternal and umbilical cord showed a positive correlation. However, other parameters of pregnancy outcomes such as birth weight, weight gain, and Apgar score were not affected by the plasma TRAP levels. Based on these results, preform infants could have a risk of oxidative stress because of low plasma TRAP level.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.860-868
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• 2005

Anemia diagnosed early in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of low birth weight and preform delivery. The purposes of this study were to assess the maternal iron status during pregnancy and to evaluate the relationships between the iron indices of maternal-umbilical cord serum iron and ferritin levels and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary intakes of the pregnant women were estimated by 24 hour-recall (3 times). Serum iron and ferritin levels in maternal blood and umbilical cord were measured at 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd- trimester and delivery, respectively. The mean of maternal se겨m iron levels of the trimester and delivery were $124.27\;{\mu}g/dl,\;97.03\;{\mu}g/dl,\;94.32\;{\mu}g/dl,\;and\;145.53\;{\mu}g/dl$. Those maternal levels were significantly lower than that of umbilical cord blood ($222.59\;{\mu}g/dl$). Serum ferritin levels of maternal trimester and delivery were 22.68 $22.68\;{\mu}g/l,\;11.09\;{\mu}g/l,\;14.18\;{\mu}g/l,\;and\;\;24.54\;{\mu}g/l$, which were significantly lower than those of umbilical cord blood ($184.35\;{\mu}g/l$) (p < 0.0001). This prevalence of anemia of total subjects was $30.3\%$ by WHO criteria (Hb < 11.0 g/dl, Hct < $33\%$). Iron levels of 2nd-trimester was significantly higher in the normal group than in the anemia group. And ferritin levels of 3rd-trimester and delivery was significantly higher in the normal group than in the anemia group. Therefore, we suggest for successful pregnancy outcome and delivery differential iron supplementation programs will be carried out with individual Pregnant women on the basis of pre-Pregnancy nutrition. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $860\∼868$, 2005)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.615-622
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• 2005

Folate and Vitamin $B_{12}$ are essential nutrients important during pregnancy. This study was conducted to evaluate the folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ nutritional status of Korean pregnant women and to investigate the relationship between maternal­umbilical cord serum folate and vitamin B12 levels and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary intakes of the pregnant women were estimated by 24 hour-recall (3 times). Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels in maternal blood and umbilical cord of 27 pregnant women at 1'st-, 2'nd-, 3'rd-trimester and delivery were measured by RIA (radioimmuno assay), respectively. Means of folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ intake were $283.53\pm58.01{\mu}g/day\;and\; 2.99\pm1.32mg/day$, respectively. Maternal mean serum folate levels of the trimester and delivery were $9.75\pm3.60ng/ml,\;10.46\pm4.63ng/ml,\;10.71\pm4.14ng/ml\;and\;15.05\pm7.04ng/ml$. Those maternal levels were significantly lower than that of umbilical cord blood $(23.99\pm9.42ng/ml)$. Serum vitamin $B_{12}$ levels of maternal trimester and delivery were $479.07\pm137.56 pg/ml,\;310.96\pm137.56pg/ml,\;308.22\pm74.65pg/ml,\;and\;295.67\pm93.36pg/ml$, which were significantly lower than those of umbilical cord blood $(500.13\pm185.60ng/ml)$. This finding indicates that the uptake of folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ in the fetus may be due to an active placental transport mechanism. Maternal serum level correlated positively with those of umbilical cord blood, showing that folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration of umbilical cord blood might be affected by maternal status. There was no significant correlation between the serum folate levels in maternal-umbilical cord blood and the pregnancy outcomes. However, maternal vitamin $B_{12}$ level at l'st trimester was significant positive correlation between the gestational age except for birth weight and weight gain.