• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.273-275
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• 2005

Active thermography is being used since several years for remote non-destructive testing. It provides thermal images for remote detection and imaging of damages. Also, it is based on propagation and reflection of thermal waves which are launched from the surface into the inspected component by absorption of modulated radiation. For energy deposition, it use external heat sources (e.g., halogen lamp or convective heating) or internal heat generation (e.g., microwaves, eddy current, or elastic wave). Among the external heat sources, the ultrasound is generally used for energy deposition because of defect selective heating up. The heat source generating a thermal wave is provided by the defect itself due to the attenuation of amplitude modulated ultrasound. A defect causes locally enhanced losses and consequently selective heating up. Therefore amplitude modulation of the injected ultrasonic wave turns a defect into a thermal wave transmitter whose signal is detected at the surface by thermal infrared camera. This way ultrasound thermography(UT) allows for selective defect detection which enhances the probability of defect detection in the presence of complicated intact structures. In this paper the applicability of UT for fast defect detection is described. Examples are presented showing the detection of defects in PCB material. Measurements were performed on various kinds of typical defects in PCB materials (both Cu metal and non-metal epoxy). The obtained thermal image reveals area of defect in row of thick epoxy material and PCB.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2004

풍화암은 일반적으로 6단계로 분류된다. 본 연구에서는 풍화도에 따라 등급 I에서 등급 V의 암석 블록을 장수지역에서 채취하였다. 등급 VI는 본 연구대상에서 제외되었다. 풍화도의 증가에 따른 화학적 풍화지수의 변화량은 물리적, 역학적 물성변화에 비하여 매우 미소한 변화를 보였으며, 풍화도의 증가는 강도, 경도, 탄성파속도, 내구성과 같은 물리적 역학적 물성에 의하여 잘 지시되었다. 특히 흡수율과 공극률은 매우 좋은 지수이다. 풍화의 진행에 따라, 암석에 포함되어 있는 크랙의 양은 암석의 변형에 영향을 끼친다. 그러므로 풍화암의 응력변형률 곡선은 신선한 암과 상당한 차이를 보였다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.988-993
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• 2004

Luminescence characteristics of Ag-doped ZnO as the quantum dot materials to increasing the efficiency on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) have been studied. Ag doped ZnO powder was produced by the self-sustaining combustion process using ultrasonic spraying heating method. Luminescence wavelength region of the ZnO by Ag doping was shifted to longer wavelength. Tn the case of the Ag doped ZnO powder, broad luminescence spectrum centered on 600nm was observed. On the other hand, we compared PL data of RTA treated ZnO:Ag film at various temperatures because the front electrode of solar cell was in need of the sintering process. In XRD and PL data for RTA treated film at the 500$^{\circ}C$ showed good property. And, it was found that the grain size wasn't growing but only optical property was changed. According to the result of XRD, PL, absorption, emission spectrum and DV-X${\alpha}$ used in theoretical calculation, it is considered to be possible to use Ag doped ZnO as quantum dot material for improving DSC efficiency.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.593-600
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• 2016

본 연구는 알칼리 활성화된 다성분계 시멘트에서 카올린(kaolinite, KA)의 효과에 다른 강도 특성에 관한 것이다. 연구에는 고로슬래그 미분말(GGBFS), 플라이애시(FA), 실리카 퓸(SF) 그리고 카올린(KA)을 결합재로 사용하였다. 시험체는 20% ~ 70% GGBFS, 10% ~ 60% FA, 10% SF(고정 비율) 그리고 10% ~ 50% KA의 범위로 혼합하였다. 물/결합재 비는 0.5이다. 결합재는 수산화나트륨(NaOH)과 규산나트륨($Na_2SiO_3$)을 전체 결합재(GGBFS + FA + SF + KA) 중량의 10% (10% NaOH + 10% $Na_2SiO_3$)비율로 사용하였다. 실험은 압축강도, 물 흡수율, 초음파 속도, 건조수축과 X-ray diffraction (XRD)를 수행하였다. 압축강도는 KA의 양이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 강도감소의 중요한 원인중 하나는 GGBFS 또는 FA와 비교하여 KA의 낮은 활성화 때문이다. 수화가 진행되는 동안 KA는 완전하게 반응하지 않았다. 또한 KA의 양이 증가할수록 UPV는 모든 시험체에서 감소하였다. 건조수축과 물 흡수율은 KA의 양이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 이러한 시험결과를 통해 다성분계 시멘트의 강도 특성은 KA와 GGBFS의 양에 큰 영향을 받는 것을 확인하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2016

본 연구는 다양한 농도의 탄산나트륨($Na_2CO_3$)로 활성화된 대량치환슬래그 시멘트(HVSC)의 초기강도 향상에 관한 연구이다. 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트(OPC)에 대해 고로슬래그 미분말(GGBFS)을 질량의 50에서 90% 치환하였고, 페이스트 믹싱전에 건조한 분말재료를 서로 섞어 두었다. $Na_2CO_3$는 전체 결합제(binder, OPC+GGBFS) 중량의 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 그리고 10%를 혼합하였다. 모든 배합의 물-결합재 비(w/b)는 0.45로 일정하게 하였다. 압축강도, 초음파속도(UPV), 흡수율 그리고 XRD를 초기재령(1일과 3일)에서 실시하였다. V5(50% OPC + 50% GGBFS), V6(40% OPC + 60% GGBFS) 그리고 V7(30% OPC + 70% GGBFS) 시험체에서는 6% $Na_2CO_3$에서, V8(20% OPC + 80% GGBFS)과 V9(10% OPC + 90% GGBFS) 시험체에서는 10% $Na_2CO_3$에서 최고강도가 나타났다. UPV와 흡수율은 압축강도 특성과 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. XRD 분석결과 수화반응생성물질은 CSH 그리고 calcite($CaCO_3$)가 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 HVSC 페이스트의 초기강도에는 $Na_2CO_3$의 혼합이 $Na_2CO_3$를 혼합하지 않은 경우와 비교하여 더 좋은 결과를 나타내었다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.1499-1508
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• 2013

남극 암석의 동결-융해 풍화현상에 관한 연구를 위하여 테라노바 만 지역의 편마암을 대상으로 풍화등급에 따라 약한풍화(SW) 및 보통풍화(MW)로 분류하여 암석의 공학적인 특성 변화를 실험하였다. 동결-융해시험은 $-20{\pm}2^{\circ}C{\sim}20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$의 온도 조건에서 수행되었으며, 암석 시험편은 진공챔버에서 포화된 상태에서 5시간 동결과 5시간 융해 과정을 1 cycle의 동결-융해로 설정하였다. 본 논문에서는 전체 200 cycle의 동결-융해 과정을 진행하면서 20 cycle 마다 공극률, 흡수율, 초음파 속도 및 쇼어경도를 측정하였으며, 50 cycle 마다 일축압축시험을 수행하였다. SW 등급의 편마암은 동결-융해 1 cycle 마다 0.07 MPa 정도 일축압축강도가 감소하였으며, MW 등급의 암석은 0.2 MPa 정도 일축압축 강도가 감소하였다. 동결-융해가 200 cycle 진행되는 동안 SW 등급 암석의 흡수율은 0.23%에서 0.39%로 증가하였으며, P파 속도는 4,054 m/s에서 3,227 m/s로, S파 속도는 2,519 m/s에서 2,079 m/s로 감소하였다. 이와 유사하게 MW 등급 암석의 흡수율은 0.65%에서 1.6%로 증가하였으며, P파 속도는 3,207 m/s에서 2,133 m/s로, S파 속도는 2,028 m/s에서 1,357 m/s로 감소하였다. 동결-융해시험 결과, 남극 테라노바 만 지역의 SW 등급 편마암은 동결-융해가 200~300 cycle 반복될 경우 MW 등급 암석에 가깝게 풍화되는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-26
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dissolution components during corrosion of amalgams and to identify surface corrosion products in the modified Fusayama artificial saliva. Four type of amalgam alloys were used: low copper lathe cut amalgam alloy (Cavex 68), low copper spherical amalgam alloy (Caulk Spherical Alloy), high copper admixed amalgam alloy (Dispersalloy) and high copper single composition amalgam alloy (Tytin). Each amalgam alloy and Hg were triturated according to the manufacturer's direction by means of mechanical amalgamator (Capmaster, S.S.White), and then the triturated mass was inserted into the cylindrical metal mold which was 10mm in diameter and 2.0mm in height and condensed with compression of 150kg/$cm^2$ using oil pressor. The specimens were removed from the mold and stored at room temperature for 7 days and cleansed with distiled water for 30 minutes in an ultrasonic cleaner. The specimens were immersed in the modified Fusayama artificial saliva for the periods of 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. The amounts of Hg, Cu, Sn and Zn dissolved from each amalgam specimen immersed in the artificial saliva for the periods of 1 month, 3 months and 6 months were measured using Inductivity Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICPQ-1000, Shimadzu, Japan) and amount of Ag dissolved from amalgam specimen was measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Atomic Absorption/Flame emission spectrophotometer M-670, Shimadzu, Japan). A surface corrosion products of specimens were analysed using Electron Spectroscopy Chemical Analyser (ESCA PHI-558, PERKIN ELMER, U.S.A.). The secondary image and back scattered image of corroded surface of specimens was observed under the SEM, and the corroded surface of specimens was analysed with the EDX. The following results were obtained. 1. The dissolution amount of Cu was the most in high copper admixed amalgam(Dispersalloy) and the least in high copper single composition amalgam(Tytin). 2. Sn and Zn were dissolved during all the experiment periods, and dissolution amounts were decreased as the time elapsed. 3. Initial surface corrosion products were ZnO and SnO. 4. Corrosion of ${\gamma}$ and ${\gamma}_2$ phase in low copper amalgams was observed and Ag-Cu eutectic alloy phase was corroded in low copper spherical amalgam(Caulk Sperical Alloy). 5. Corrosion of ${\gamma}$ and $\eta$' phase in high copper amalgams was observed and Ag-Cu eutectic alloy phase was corroded in high copper admixed amalgam(Dispersalloy). 6. Sn-Cl was produced in the subsurface of low copper amalgams and high copper admixed amalgam.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.297.2-297.2
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• 2016

Photoacoustic generation of ultrasound is an effective approach for development of high-frequency and high-amplitude ultrasound transmitters. This requires an efficient energy converter from optical input to acoustic output. For such photoacoustic conversion, various light-absorbing materials have been used such as metallic coating, dye-doped polymer composite, and nanostructure composite. These transmitters absorb laser pulses with 5-10 ns widths for generation of tens-of-MHz frequency ultrasound. The short optical pulse leads to rapid heating of the irradiated region and therefore fast thermal expansion before significant heat diffusion occurs to the surrounding. In this purpose, nanocomposite thin films containing gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), or carbon nanofibers have been recently proposed for high optical absorption, efficient thermoacosutic transfer, and mechanical robustness. These properties are necessary to produce a high-amplitude ultrasonic output under a low-energy optical input. Here, we investigate carbon nanotube (CNT)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite transmitters and their nanostructure-originated characteristics enabling extraordinary energy conversion. We explain a thermoelastic energy conversion mechanism within the nanocomposite and examine nanostructures by using a scanning electron microscopy. Then, we measure laser-induced damage threshold of the transmitters against pulsed laser ablation. Particularly, laser-induced damage threshold has been largely overlooked so far in the development of photoacoustic transmitters. Higher damage threshold means that transmitters can withstand optical irradiation with higher laser energy and produce higher pressure output proportional to such optical input. We discuss an optimal design of CNT-PDMS composite transmitter for high-amplitude pressure generation (e.g. focused ultrasound transmitter) useful for therapeutic applications. It is fabricated using a focal structure (spherically concave substrate) that is coated with a CNT-PDMS composite layer. We also introduce some application examples of the high-amplitude focused transmitter based on the CNT-PDMS composite film.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2015

제주도 화산암은 여러 환경적인 요인으로 인하여 크기와 분포가 다양한 기공이 많은 다공성 구조를 보이고 있으며, 지질학적 그리고 역학적 특성 또한 지역마다 차이를 나타내고 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 제주도의 기반암은 여러 차례의 화산활동으로 인해 현무암층 사이에 연약층인 화산쇄설물 및 공동이 불규칙하게 발달된 층상구조로 이루어져 있다. 본 연구에서는 제주도 북서부 육 해상에서 채취한 현무암 암석에 대하여 다양한 물성 시험 및 일축압축강도 시험을 수행하고, 그 결과를 제주도 남동부 해상에서 채취한 현무암 암석의 물리적, 역학적 특성과 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 제주도 북서부 육 해상에서 채취한 현무암 암석의 물리, 역학적 특성은 제주도 남동부 해상에서 채취한 현무암 암석과 유사한 관계에 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 물리적 특성과 역학적 특성의 상관관계로부터 대략적인 설계정수를 추정할 수 있었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.740-747
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• 2014

Background Autologous fat graft has become a useful technique for correction of acquired contour deformity in reconstructed breasts. However, there remains controversial regarding the efficacy and safety of the practice for reconstructive breast surgery. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 102 patients who had secondary fat grafting after breast reconstruction. Fat harvest, refinement and injection were done by Coleman's technique. All patients were followed up postoperatively within 1 month and after 6 months including physical examination and ultrasonography. In 38 patients, the reabsorption rate was calculated by serial changes of thickness between skin and pectoral fascia in the ultrasonic finding. Locoregional recurrence rate was compared with control group of 449 patients who had breast reconstruction without fat graft in the same time period. Results Average 49.3 mL fat was injected into each breast. The most common location of fat graft was upper pole, followed by axilla, lower and medial breasts. During 28.7 months of average follow-up period, 2.9% of total patients had symptoms of palpable mass on fat graft side and ultrasonography identified fat necrosis and cyst formation in 17.6% of the patients. Calculated fat reabsorption rate was 32.9%. Locoregional recurrence was occurred in 1 patient (0.9%) and the rate was not different significantly with control group (2%). Conclusions Although further studies are required to provide surgeons with definitive guidelines for the implementation of fat grafting, we propose autologous fat graft is an efficient and safe technique for secondary breast reconstruction.