• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.103-110
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• 1986

Since sulfur dioxide is released from the oxidation of sulfur in fuel, the level of $SO_2$ in industrial areas can be effectively managed by optimizing the allocation of fuels: the fuel should be allocated to each industries so as to achieve the air quality goal in the area with minimum fuel cost. The solution for this can be by solved using linear programming technique incorporated with the Gaussian dispersion equation. When this method was applied in Ulsan Industrial Complex, 39.3% of fuel expense could be saved compared with the present uniform fuel policy. With this method, bituminous coal generally was allocated to big emission sources such as power plants or to industries sparsely located in remote areas, and LPG or low-sulfur oils to small or medium-size sources in dense indurstrial aras. However, the particulates emission will increase with this policy, because it maximizes the use of coal within the limit to achieve the air quality goal in the area.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.144-154
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• 1995

울산지역내 23개의 배나무 조사구를 선정하여 조사장소의 재배환경과 배나무잎의 수용성 황 함량, 광합성 속도 및 가시피해도지수를 측정, 분석하여 울산지역의 대기오염 평가를 시도할 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 배나무잎의 평균 수용성 황 함량은 0.201%였으며, 오염지역 조사구는 $0.220{\sim}0.496%$로 높았다. 또한 오염배출원을 중심으로 거리가 멀어짐에 따라 수용성 황 함량은 감소되었다. 2. 배나무의 광합성 속도는 수용성 황 함량이 축적됨에 따라 감소되었고, 오염배출원을 중심으로 반경 5km까지는 거리가 멀어짐에 따라 광합성 속도가 증가되었다. 3. 1993년 배나무의 가시피해도를 산정한 결과 오염배출원으로부터 5km 이내에서는 60% 이상의 피해율을 나타냈으며, 피해도지수 각 항목간에는 고도의 정의 상관이 인정되었다. 또한 1988년과 비교해 보면, 1988년에는 여천동과 야음동을 중심으로 피해율이 높았으나 1993년에는 용잠동과 부곡동을 중심으로 피해의 중심지가 이동하였다. 4. 수용성 황 함량과 피해도지수, 수용성 황 함량과 광합성속도 간에는 고도의 상관이 인정되어 배나무를 이용한 대기중 $SO_2$평가에 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 보였다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2018

The central of Ulsan was formed and has been developed in alluvial plains the Riverfront of Taehwa River and Dongcheon River Fortresses including Gyebyeonseong of the late Silla, Chisoseong of the Goryeo, Ulsan Gyeonsangjwabyeongyeongseong, Ulsaneupseong, Ulsanwaeseong and Yeompoyeongseong as well as Gugangseowon and Old Ulsanhyanggyo and other facilities well display such fact. In the southern areas of Taehwa River, Byeokpajeong of Samsan, Buddhist temples and pavilion architectures used to be located. In its upstream areas, Eonyangeupseong, Eonyanghyanggo, Banguseowon and Daegokcheon Petroglyph exist as well. As such, the Riverfront of Taehwa River are a central space where the civilization of Ulsan has grown and developed, and are regarded as a core scenic asset of Ulsan. However, the look and nature of Taehwa River changed significantly due to Ulsan irrigation project and the construction of modern bridges such as Ulsangyo and Ulsan railway bridge during the period of Japanese occupation. The old look of the area started to be ruined by water contaminations and developments of waterfront lands that resulted from the development of Ulsan Industrial Center in 1962. The water quality of Taehwa River has been improved as a result of allotting a huge budget and administrative powers before and after 1997, the year when Ulsan was elevated to a metropolitan city. However, the surrounding views around Taehwa River changed greatly due to various urban development projects including apartment complex constructions. This is because the development of the Riverfront started from a land utilization project, in which the construction of apartment complexes was included in the initial phase; as a result, the areas were changed to be private scenic assets for those apartments. Aware of such issue, this study aims to identify major scenic elements that were present in the period before such developments in the river's surrounding areas from literature and geography materials; and to reveal how various urban development projects that have been performed from the period of Japanese occupation have changed the scenic elements of Riverfront of Taehwa River. The purpose of this study is to identify qualitative and quantitative changes in scenic elements of the Riverfront of Taehwa River as well as the characteristics of the resulting changes in the surrounding scenery.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate air quality in Chungju, Korea, using data obtained with a local air quality monitoring system. We have utilised cohort studies to investigate the relations between environmental pollution and the health of residents near large industrial complexes since 2004. This study analyzes the $O_3,\;NO_2,\;SO_2,\;CO\;and\;PM_{10}$ concentration in Chungju from 2002 to 2006. Air pollutants are closely related to the number of manufacturing facilities and cars, energy utilization and weather conditions. Generally, the diurnal concentration of air pollutants in Chungju reached the highest level in the morning (about$08:00{\sim}$) and early evening (about$19:00{\sim}$). On the other hand, the diurnal concentration of ozone as recorded gives the highest amount in late afternoon (about$16:00{\sim}$) and lowest in early morning (about$08:00{\sim}$). The concentration of air pollutants in Chungju was highest from winter to spring and lowest during the summer season. On the other hand, the monthly variation of ozone concentration was greatest in June and smallest in December. Also the, $PM_{10}$ concentration posted the highest record in April and the lowest during September. In general, this study analyzed air pollution changes in Chungju as well as in large scale industrial complex regions within Korea such as Ulsan, Pohang, Kwangyang, Sihwa Panwol and Gangneung in Korea. We compared the air quality of Chungju with those of these cites and found that air pollutants except for CO in Chungju was generally lower than large industrial complex regions.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.336-346
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• 2009

As a follow-up survey of A Study of Monitoring Method on Exposure Level and Biomarkers of Environmental Pollutants-Focused on Ulsan Industrial Comlpex Area, published in 2005, a close examination of the health status was conducted for selected Ulsan residents. Based on the previous study, a total number of 129 subjects were divided into two groups: the exposure group consisted of 39 residents whose blood levels of lead, mercury and/or cadmium were higher than international reference values, and 90 residents of control group with normal levels. Environmental exposure level and its association with health condition were examined by various methods such as questionnaire, analyses of lead, mercury and cadmium in blood and medical examinations. The geometric mean concentrations of lead, mercury and cadmium in blood were respectively $2.07{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ (exposure $2.54{\mu}g/d{\ell}$, control $1.90{\mu}g/d{\ell}$), $5.94{\mu}g/L$ (exposure $8.57{\mu}g/L$, control $5.07{\mu}g/L$), $1.32{\mu}g/L$ (exposure $1.30{\mu}g/L$, control $1.33{\mu}g/L$). The concentrations of the three heavy metals in blood showed lower levels than internationally recommended values except for blood mercury. Also, any abnormal or, peculiar disease, or target tissue damage related to the heavy metals was not observed among the all subjects. Therefore, it can be said that no significant difference of heavy metal concentrations and health conditions was found between the two groups.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.269-280
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• 2018

This paper reports the results of field evaluation to determine the levels of heavy metals in major industrial complexes in Korea over a seven year period (2007~2013). The measurement of heavy metal was conducted using quartz fiber filter sampling and ICP-AES analysis. In order to validate the analytical performance of these methods, studies were also carried out to investigate data quality control(QC) parameters, such as the method detection limit (MDL), repeatability, and recovery efficiencies. The average concentrations of total suspended particulates (TSP) for the nine industrial complexes in Korea were $104{\sim}169{\mu}g/m^3$, which was higher than other industrial complexes and urban areas. The Sihwa and Banwol industrial complexes were shown to be the biggest contributing sources to high TSP emission ($159{\mu}g/m^3$ and $169{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). The concentrations of heavy metals in TSP were higher in the order of Fe>Cu>Zn, Pb, Mn>Cr, Ni, As and Cd. It was observed that Fe was the highest in the Gwangyang and Pohang steel industrial complexes. The concentrations of Zn and Pb were high in Onsan, Sihwa and Banwol industrial complexes, and this was attributed to the emission from the nonferrous industry. Additionally, Cr and Ni concentrations were high in the Sihwa and Banwol industrial complexes due to plating industry. On the other hand, Ulsan and Onsan industrial complexes showed high Cr and Ni concentrations as a response to the emission of metal industry related to automobile. The correlation analysis revealed the high correlation between Cr and Ni in plating industry from Sihwa and Banwol industrial complexes. Adding to this, components related to coal combustion and road dust showed high correlation in Pohang and Gwangyang industrial complexes. Then Onsan and Ulsan industrial complexes showed high correlation among components related to the nonferrous metals.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.448-452
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• 2010

전통적인 항로표지는 등광(등명기)에 의존하여 항로 및 위험물을 표시함으로써 통항선박의 안전을 확보하여 왔으나, 울산항을 비롯한 전국 무역항에서 입지조건이 유리한 항만배후단지가 개발됨에 따라 항만배후광이 증가하였고 항로표지의 야간시인성이 현격하게 떨어지는 현상이 발생하였다. 또한, 전국 무역항에서는 채선율 저감을 통한 항만 운영율 향상을 위하여 야간 입출항 제한규모를 단계적으로 상향하고 있어 이에 대비한 통항선박의 안전확보방안 마련이 시급히 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 항행원조시설인 등대 및 등표 등에 등탑직적조명방식(LED논네온 등)을 비롯한 고광력 등명기 등이 적용되었고, 상대적으로 시인성이 떨어지는 등부표에는 시인성 향상과 선위결정이 용이하도록 LED발광번호판을 개발하여 적용한 결과, 항만 이용자들로부터 호평을 받고 있으며 앞으로도 항만배후광 극복을 위한 항로표지의 발전은 계속되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.125-140
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to inverstigate the need of child care services and child care programs for the working class mothers. We surveyed four Industrial complex (in Seoul, Incheon, Pusan, Ulsan) to collect data. The samples were 282 mothers (Seoul: 95, Incheon: 54, Ulsan: 62, Pusan: 71). The mothers had children under six years of age and they worked at factory for 11 hours. They (65%) rented houses with 1-2 rooms. Their income was not enought to support their family. They were never supported by social network, so they had to work at factory and they need child care services. The mothers had many difficulties of child rearing and early childhood education. They wanted perfect day care programs. They expected it as followings: (1) Day care center placed at factory or near home. (2) The administrater is goverment or employer. (3) It is managed a full time system. (4) It is center-based day care or industrical day care. (5) They share day care expense with employer or goverment. (6) Day care expenses is 35,000 won in case of full time system, 25,000 won in case of half-time system. They desited highly qualifed day care programs, but they would not expense highly cost. So we suggest that goverment and factory employers support the working mothers.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제17권30호
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• pp.11-24
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• 1994

The problem of location for industries and residential quarters has undoubtedly been one of the most important factors to enhance human activities and standard of living. Nonetheless. there seem to be no such theories or approaches as to cope with this problem satisfactorily. As a matter of fact the evaluation of proposed locations so far has stuck to quantitative factors and thus the results are often rejected by the public or individuals. In deciding the location of industrial complex and/or residential quarters, the qualitative factors often play more important role than the quantitative factors. Moreover, it is quite possible for a proposed location to be disapproved for reasons other than quantifiable factors. This work presents an approach to multi-stage decision process of optimum location, particularly for residential quarters. The proposed approach consists of four stages. At the first stage, candidates for the location are searched and checked against musts. After this screening process, the candidates fulfilling the musts are evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively at the second stage. The third stage is devoted to the integrated evaluation using diffrent weights for the two factors. At the final stage, a location is selected among the candidates evaluated at the earlier stages. This approach has been applied to and tested on a apartment-building project in Ulsan area. Difficulties arising from quantifying factors were encountered as expected. Sometimes decisions could be a matter of taste of the individuals concerned.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2013

Objectives: The inherent nature of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) design requires special analysis by incorporating sample weights, stratification, and clustering not used in ordinary statistical procedures. Methods: This study investigated the proportion of research papers that have used an appropriate statistical methodology out of the research papers analyzing the KNHANES cited in the PubMed online system from 2007 to 2012. We also compared differences in mean and regression estimates between the ordinary statistical data analyses without sampling weight and design-based data analyses using the KNHANES 2008 to 2010. Results: Of the 247 research articles cited in PubMed, only 19.8% of all articles used survey design analysis, compared with 80.2% of articles that used ordinary statistical analysis, treating KNHANES data as if it were collected using a simple random sampling method. Means and standard errors differed between the ordinary statistical data analyses and design-based analyses, and the standard errors in the design-based analyses tended to be larger than those in the ordinary statistical data analyses. Conclusions: Ignoring complex survey design can result in biased estimates and overstated significance levels. Sample weights, stratification, and clustering of the design must be incorporated into analyses to ensure the development of appropriate estimates and standard errors of these estimates.