• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.135-142
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• 2018

This paper compares and analyzes advantages and disadvantages of CDMA(code division multiple access) and OFDM(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) transmission techniques for underwater acoustic channel environments. Computer simulations were carried out in various underwater acoustic channels with varying r.m.s.(root mean square) delay, doppler frequency and the number of multipaths. When r.m.s. delay and doppler frequency are within the tolerance of designed transmission schemes, the computer simulations show that CDMA has better BER performance than that of the OFDM. However, when the doppler frequency exceeds the tolerance, BER performance of the CDMA decreases.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.809-811
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• 2015

In this paper, for the purpose of providing high data rate services, the multi-hop frame structure is designed for the underwater acoustic (UWA) short-range system which is proposed as a part of ocean surveillance and tracking network (OSTN). Under the measured underwater channel environment, the link-level system performance are also evaluated. Simulation results show not only the packet error rate (PER) comparisons, but the optimal modulation and coding scheme (MCS) levels for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based short-range UWA communications network.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1229-1236
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• 2016

In underwater acoustic multipath channel, a performance of underwater acoustic (UWA) communication systems is affected by dynamic variation of boundary and high temporal and spatial variability of the channel conditions. Time and spatial variations of UWA channel induce a carrier frequency offset (CFO) since a phase and a frequency of received signal mismatch with a transmitting signal. Therefore, a performance of a phase shift keying underwater acoustic communication system is degraded. In this study, we have analyzed a performance of CFO estimation and compensation using a phase code in time and spatial variation channel. A constant amplitude zero autocorrelation (CAZAC) signal is applied as a phase code signal and its performance is evaluated in water tank. The bit error rate of a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) system with a phase code is improved about 4 to 10 times better than that without a phase code.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.2247-2255
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• 2015

In very shallow water acoustic communication channel, underwater acoustic (UWA) communication signal is observed as frequency selective fading signal due to time-varying multipath. This induces a time and frequency dependent inter-symbol-interference (ISI) and degrades the UWA system performance. There is no study about how the performances of the error correction codes are related to a multipath fading statistics in very shallow water. In this study, the characteristics of very shallow water multipath fading channel is analyzed and the performances of two different forward error correction (FEC) codes are compared. The convolution code (CC) and Reed-Solomon (RS) code are adopted. Sea experimental results show that RS code is better choice than CC in frequency selective channel with fading.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.509-515
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• 2010

Such as disaster rescue in deep water, undersea exploration and monitering for environmental pollution, many applications require the acoustic communication for high data rate over underwater acoustic channel. As underwater channel is very complex and is time-varying, conventional single carrier communication has good performance. In this paper, An adaptive OFDM system is analyzed for high data rate and reliability and rubust service over UWA channels. Through the adaptive system, we show threshold switching for an adaptive algorithm.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2400-2413
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• 2019

Doubly-selective (DS) fading channel is often occurred in many orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems, such as high-speed rail communication systems and underwater acoustic (UWA) wireless networks. It is challenging to provide an accurate and fast estimation over the doubly-selective channel, due to the strong Doppler shift. This paper addresses the doubly selective channel estimation problem based on complex exponential basis expansion model (CE-BEM) in OFDM systems from the perspective of distributed compressive sensing (DCS). We propose a novel DCS-based improved sparsity adaptive matching pursuit (DCS-IMSAMP) algorithm. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is that it can exploit the joint channel sparsity information using dynamic threshold, variable step size and tailoring mechanism. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves 5dB performance gain with faster operation speed, in comparison with traditional DCS-based sparsity adaptive matching pursuit (DCS-SAMP) algorithm.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2013

An underwater acoustic (UWA) communication in shallow water is strongly affected by the water surface and the seabed acoustical properties. Every reflected signal to receiver experiences a time-variant scattering in sea surface roughness and a grazing-angle-dependent reflection loss in bottom. Consequently, the performance of UWA communication systems is degraded, and high-speed digital communication is disrupted. If there is a dominant signal path such as a direct path, the received signal is modeled statistically as Rice fading but if not, it is modeled as Rayleigh fading. However, it has been known to be very difficult to reproduce the statistical estimation by real experimental evaluation in the sea. To give an insight for this scattering and grazing-angle-dependent bottom reflection loss effect in UWA communication, authors conduct experiments to quantify these effects. The image is transmitted using binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) modulation. The quality of the received image is shown to be affected by water surface scattering and grazing-angle-dependent bottom reflection loss. The analysis is based on the transmitter to receiver range and the receiver depth dependent image quality and bit error rate (BER). The results show that the received image quality is highly dependent on the transmitter-receiver range and receiver depth which characterizes the channel coherence bandwidth.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.11
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• pp.211-216
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• 2012

Such as disaster rescue in deep water, undersea exploration and monitering for environmental pollution, many applications require the acoustic communication for high data rate over underwater acoustic channel. As underwater channel is very complex and is time-varying, In this paper, The proposed OFDM system with synchronization errors and multipath delay spread is analyzed for high data rate and reliability and rubust service over UWA channels.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based wireless communication system has drawn wide attention for its high transmission rate and high spectrum efficiency in not only radio but also Underwater Acoustic (UWA) applications. Because of the narrow sub-carrier spacing of OFDM, orthogonality between sub-carriers is easily affected by Doppler effect caused by the movement of transmitter or receiver. Previously, Doppler compensation signal processing algorithm for Desired propagation path was proposed. However, other Doppler shifts caused by delayed Undesired signal arriving from different directions cannot be perfectly compensated. Then Receiver Bit Error Rate (BER) is degraded by Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI) caused in the case of Multi-path Doppler channel. To mitigate the ICI effect, a modified Delay and Doppler Profiler (mDDP), which estimates not only attenuation, relative delay and Doppler shift but also sampling clock shift of each multi-path component, is proposed. Based on the outputs of mDDP, an ICI canceling multi-tap equalizer is also proposed. Computer simulated performances of one-tap equalizer with the conventional Time domain linear interpolated Channel Transfer Function (CTF) estimator, multi-tap equalizer based on mDDP are compared. According to the simulation results, BER improvement has been observed. Especially, in the condition of 16QAM modulation, transmitting vessel speed of 6m/s, two-path multipath channel with direct path and ocean surface reflection path; more than one order of magnitude BER reduction has been observed at CNR=30dB.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.387-396
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• 2016

Multiuser communication has been an important research area of underwater acoustic communications and networking. This paper studies the use of adaptive orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in a downlink scenario, where a central node sends data to multiple distributed nodes simultaneously. In practical implementations, the instantaneous channel state information (CSI) cannot be perfectly known by the central node in time-varying underwater acoustic (UWA) channels, due to the long propagation delays resulting from the low sound speed. In this paper, we explore the CSI feedback for resource allocation. An adaptive power-bit loading algorithm is presented, which assigns subcarriers to different users and allocates power and bits to each subcarrier, aiming to minimize the bit error rate (BER) under power and throughput constraints. Simulation results show considerable performance gains due to adaptive subcarrier allocation and further improvement through power and bit loading, as compared to the non-adaptive interleave subcarrier allocation scheme. In a lake experiment, channel feedback reduction is implemented through subcarrier clustering and uniform quantization. Although the performance gains are not as large as expected, experiment results confirm that adaptive subcarrier allocation schemes based on delayed channel feedback or long term statistics outperform the interleave subcarrier allocation scheme.