• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.236-239
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• 2002

Sunscreens have been advocated as an important means of preventing skin cancer. UV-induced immunosuppression is important for skin cancer development, yet the effectiveness of sunscreens in protecting the human immune system from UV radiation is unclear. The only currently accepted method of sunscreen rating is the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) based on prevention of erythema. We developed an in vivo non-invasive method for evaluating protection of the human immune system from UV radiation based on recall contact sensitivity to nickel, a common allergen. Using this system we showed that broad-spectrum sunscreens provide greater protection to the immune system than sunscreens which protect from UVB only. UVA was found to be immunosuppressive. We developed this technique to enable the study of solar simulated UV radiation dose responses and determined Immune Protection Factors (IPFs) for six commercially available sunscreens based on limits of protection from the dose response data. We found that the IPF did not correlate with the SPF and that protection from erythema therefore cannot be used to predict protection of the immune system. However, IPF was significantly correlated to the UVA protective capability of the sunscreens, indicating that sunscreen protection from UVA is important for prevention of immunosuppression. We recommend that sunscreens should be rated against their immune protective capability to provide a better indication of their ability to protect against skin cancer.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.372-374
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• 1997

In order to develop new anti-inflammatory agents having different action mechanisms compared with nonsteroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the culture broths of various actinomycetes isolated from soil were screened using an in vivo mouse ear edma assay and one strain (Streptomyces sp. MT 2705-4: KCTC 8651 P) was selected. Activity-guided purification led to the isolation of a polyether compound, dianemycin. Topically, dianemycin showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity in mouse ear edema induced by croton-oil or arachidonic acid.$ED_{50}$value of dianemycin was found to be 0.8 mg,/ear compared to 0.4 mg/ear of prednisolone in croton-oil ear edema. However, dianemycin did not show the inhibitory activity in UV-erythema and delayed hypersensitivity reaction. These results indicate that dianemycin is a potential topical anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2019

Ultraviolet rays (UV) cause photoaging by inducing skin photodamages such as erythema and sunburn. Silymarin is a mixture of antioxidant polyphenols extracted from Silybum marianum fruit (S. m), which is known as milk thistle. It is known to protect skin tissues from UV treatment and antioxidant effects. In this study, we aimed to identify the photoprotective effects of S. m extract, which has silymarin in the epidermis layer of the skin. We found that the extract can function as a UV filter, so it can reduce DNA damage by UV treatment. Especially, we found that, in the stratum corneum, the extract can suppress the protein carbonylarion and DNA damages caused by suberythemal dose of UV treatment which does not induce erythema in the skin. UV treatment also increased protein carbonylation levels in the stratum corneum by oxidation, but it was prevented by applying the extract. The extract can absorb UV with minimal phototoxicity. Together, our study suggests that S. m extract can be used as a photo-protective ingredient to avoid photoaging of the skin.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.81-88
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• 1998

The aim of this study is to evaluate several plant extracts with a view to developing UV sunscreen agents. In this study, 150 plant extracts were screened to elucidate their UV spectra using spectrophotometric method. Several plant extracts such as Phellodendron amurense, Morus alba, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Brassica alba have strong absorbency at UVA region (350nm), the suntanning wavelength. And Sophora flavescens, Caesalpinia sapper, Morus alba, Phellodendron amurense, showed absorption plateau value at UVB region (308nm), the erythema action wavelength. These extracts have a good absorbency property as synthetic filter and could be served as substitutes for synthetic UV sunscreen agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2009

PME88 (gliadin-combined) melon superoxide dismutase (SOD) is known to promote the production of the body‘s own natural antioxidants including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of PME88 melonSOD on the ultraviolet-induced photo-aging by the evolution of minimal erythemal dose (MED), erythema quotation and spectrocolorimetric measurements of erythema. The analysis of the evolution of the MED showed a significant increase 28 days after the daily taken of the PME88 melonSOD. The analysis of the erythema quotation showed that on D29, for the dose 1.25 MED, erythema intensity is significantly higher for placebo group than for PME88 melonSOD group. At doses 0.64 MED$_{D14}$, 0.80 MED$_{D14}$ and 1 MED$_{D14}$ the value of parameter $a^*$ (the most sensitive to the colour changes bound to the variations of blood flow. It permits to assess the evolution of erythema) is significantly higher for placebo group. No significant difference has been observed between groups (PME88 melonSOD and placebo) on the evolution of the number and consistency of feces after 4 weeks of treatment. No intolerance has been observed during the 4 weeks of treatment. These results mean that PME88 melonSOD as a dietary supplement could be useful to attenuate ultraviolet-induced skin photo-aging.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 1991

Multiport-600 Solar SimulatorR is one of the most recent and convenient in-strument for evaluation of sun protection factor(SPF). In this study, we examined the practicability of the SPF determining system using Multiport -600 and the effects of several factors-light sources, seasons and experimental animals-on the minimal erythema dose(MED) and SPF. We also tested the UV sensitivity according to the sites of Korean people, And the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface In Seoul have been observed for one year. As a result of this study, the determinig system for SPF using Multiport-600 was proved to be a good system in accuracy and time-saving. The biological activity of fluorescence UV lamp of PUVA-800R was significantly higher than natural light or solar simulator with Xe arc lamp, and the determined MED became lower in inverse proportion to room temperature rise. Skin sensitivity by ultraviolet adiation was hights. in order \circled1 back \circled2 inns, upper arm \circled3 outer upper arm \circled4 foream. We also observed that UV radiation intensity was highest at noon in july and 1 sun burn unit(MED) was 28 minutes at that time.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.3 s.52
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• pp.259-263
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• 2005

The aim of the present study is to evaluate relationship between UV-induced MED and perfusion value assessed by Laser Doppler Perfusion Imager. In this study, A increasing linear relationship is seen between perfusion and dose (p<0.05). The dose-response curve show a steep slope in the case of lower MED values group after MED point, For higher MED group, increase with a gentle slope.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 2004

Exessive UV radiation causes a lot of problems in our skin. In order to find out the alternative UV absorber that can safely be used in cosmetics, we have screened various natural extracts in terms of their UV absorbing effect. Some natural extracts, which possess antioxidative activities, have also been found to retard the oxidation process in our experiment. Natural compound such as 7-hydroxycymopol, baicalein, etc. could be transformed into adjuvant UV absorber by chemical modification. In cosmetics, its chemical stability against UV radiation, exposure to oxygen and other factors could be improved by using the silicone or W/S type emulsion. The values of MED (minimal erythema dose) were improved to 0.10 ${\pm}$ 0.02∼0.11 ${\pm}$ 0.02 by adding this natural extract into the cosmetic formulations. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that natural extracts could be used as an adjuvant UV absorber, if they are stabilized.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.785-790
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• 2004

Kimchi is well known as a traditional Korean food containing various antioxidative compounds and it has been demonstrated that dietary kimchi inhibit the tissue oxidation and aging in many related studies. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the most potent among the many related factor to skin photo-aging. This experiment is designed to elucidate the inhibitory effect of solvent fractionation of various kimchi on UVB induced oxidation and erythema formation. Among solvent fractions, phenol content mostly existed in dichloromethane / ethylacetate fraction of buchu kimchi, dichloromethane fraction of Korean cabbage kimchi and ethylacetate / dichloromethane fraction of mustard leaf kimchi. Free radical scavenging activities were higher in dichloromethane and ethylacetate fraction from buchu kimchi, dichloromethane fraction from Korean cabbage kimchi, and ethylacetate fraction from mustard leaf kimchi. When the damage of photo-oxidation by UVB irradiation was tested in the presence of solvent fractions of kimchi, dichloromethane / ethylacetate fraction of buchu kimchi, ethylacetate fraction from Korean cabbage and from mustard leaf kimchi showed the higher protective activities than others. The erythema formations which were induced by UVB irradiation were decreased in solvent fractions of kimchi that hate higher antioxidant activities. In conclusion, kimchi solvent fractions having antioxidant compounds mostly inhibited photo-oxidation and erythema formation by UV-irradiation, therefore kimchi consumption can retard skin aging due to the presence of antioxidative compounds.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.205-208
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• 2002

Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly described transmitter involved with cell to cell communication that is generated in biologic tissues by specific types of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which metabolize L-arginine and molecular oxygen to citrulline and nitric oxide. In the skin. NO has been reported to play an important role in such diseases as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis, as well as act as an important modulator in UVB-induced erythema. Ultraviolet B irradiation to the skin evokes an increase in NO production in the epidermis through two pathways; induction of inducible NOS, mediated by inflammatory cytokines, and elevation of constitutive neuronal NOS activity. In a cell culture system, it has been demonstrated that NO functions as a melanogen after being produced in keratinocytes in response to UVB-irradiation. NO-stimulated melanogenesis in melanocytes is mediated by the cGMP/PKG pathway. In this study, up-regulation of tyrosinase gene expression by NO-stimulation and the involvement of NO in UVB-induced pigmentation were examined. In NO-induced melanogenesis, protein synthesis and tyrosinase activity increased along with an up-regulation of tyrosinase gene expression. In an animal model, UVB-induced pigmentation in skin was suppressed by sequential daily treatments with a specific inhibitor of NOS. Thus, NO plays an important role in UVB-induced pigmentation, where its function as a melanogen is considered to be one of the mechanisms. Together with its role in the development of erythema, NO contributes to the total protective response of skin against UVB-irradiation.