• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of embryo development by fusion condition on the nuclear transfer with brindle coated cow's ear cells. Ear cells were transferred into an enucleated oocyte and fused with cytoplasm in the fusion condition with 1.9kv/cm, 2.0kv/cm, 2.1kv/cm each 10 and 20ug duration Nuclear transfer embryo were activeted with a combination of 5ug/ml and 1.9mM 6-DMAP (4min, 4h). Fusion rate was 51∼68% range among fusion condition (1.9, 2.0, 2.1kv/cm; 10, 20us). But, cytoplasm lysis rate was increased by higher electric condition (0∼51.8% range). Each parameter's cleavage and blastocyst formation rate were 1.9kv/cm for 10us (75.8 and 19.5%), 20us (69.8 and 48.6%), 2.0kv/cm for 10us (76.9 and 20.0%), 20 us (68.5 and 40.9%), 2.1kv/cm for 10us (70.5 and 44.2%), 20 us (68.5 and 27.0%). We compared the effectiveness of cloning for between brindle coated cow's ear cells and Hanwoo fetal fibroblast cells. There was no significant differences in the fusion rate and developmental rate to the blastocyst stage. After transfer of blastocysts derived from nuclear transfer embryos, pregnancy rates of the Hanwoo fetal fibroblast cells and brindle coated cow's ear cells were checked pregnant on day 60 as assessed by ultrasonography, 40% (2/5) and 15.8% (3/19), respectively. This studies conclude that brindle coated cow's ear cells have the developmental potentiality to term by nuclear transfer. These results demonstrate that the increased the field strength was to be profitable for development of blastocyst or reduce of cytoplasm's damage than increasing the pulse duration.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.99-103
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• 2014

Purpose - The objective of this study was to examine the volatility of the exchange rate of the Somali shilling (SoSh) during 2010, especially the exchange rate between the Somali shilling and US dollar. Research design, data, and methodology - The study employed aquantitative research design; the data was analyzed using contents analysis for the data pertaining to the exchange rate between the US dollar and Somali Shilling in 2010. Results - The main findings were that the exchange rate was very volatile during 2010 because of three sources: (1) Imbalance of demand and supply in the money market, (2) People adopting the US dollar as the medium of exchange forgoods and services, thereby reducing the circulation of the SoSh, and (3) Lack of a strong central bank. Conclusions - The study suggested three possible remedies: the establishment of an effective central bank that matches the demand and supply of the currencies, adoption of the Somali shilling as the official currency base for the prices of commodities, and minimizing the imports into the country and maximizing its exports, to support the strengthening of the Somali shilling.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.596-603
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• 2021

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic performance of ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology and core-needle biopsy (US-FNAC/CNB) for the diagnosis of laryngo-hypopharyngeal masses. Materials and Methods: This was a single-center prospective case series. From January 2018 to June 2019, we initially enrolled 40 patients with highly suspicious laryngo-hypopharyngeal masses on laryngoscopic examinations. Of these, 28 patients with the mass involving or abutting the pre-epiglottic, paraglottic, pyriform sinus, and/or subglottic regions were finally included. These patients underwent US examinations with/without subsequent US-FNAC/CNB under local anesthesia for evaluation of the laryngo-hypopharyngeal mass. Results: Of the 28 patients who underwent US examinations, a laryngo-hypopharyngeal mass was identified in 26 patients (92.9%). US-FNAC/CNB was performed successfully in 25 of these patients (96.2%), while the procedure failed to target the mass in 1 patient (3.8%). The performance of US caused minor subclinical hematoma in 2 patients (7.7%), but no major complications occurred. US-FNAC/CNB yielded conclusive results in 24 (96.0%) out of the 25 patients with a successful procedure, including 23 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 1 patient with a benign mass. In one patient with atypical cells in US-FNAC, additional direct laryngoscopic biopsy (DLB) was required to confirm SCC. Among the 26 patients who received US-FNAC/CNB, the time from first visit to pathological diagnosis was 7.8 days. For 24 patients finally diagnosed with SCC, the time from first visit to the initiation of treatment was 25.2 days. The mean costs associated with US-FNAC/CNB was $272 under the Korean National Health Insurance Service System. Conclusion: US-FNAC/CNB for a laryngo-hypopharyngeal mass is technically feasible in selected patients, providing good diagnostic performance. This technique could be used as a first-line diagnostic modality by adopting appropriate indications to avoid general anesthesia and DLB-related complications.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 2014

This study investigated the anthropometric characteristics of US women 26 to 45 years of age to classify their body shapes into different categories. Research data was obtained from 2950 women 26 to 45 years of age who participated in the SizeUSA study. A 26 to 35 years of age group and a 36 to 45 years of age group were selected from the data pool. A total of 26 measurements important for body shape classification and for apparel product development was used for the data analysis. Five factors accounted for the US women's body measurements. The body shapes of women were categorized into 4 types: Obese A-Shape, Overweight Y-Shape, Obese H-Shape, and Normal S-Shape. Normal S-Shape was the most common body shape type. More women in the 26 to 35 years of age group had Normal S-Shape type than women in the 36 to 45 years of age group. More women in the 36 to 45 years of age group had Obese A-Shape, Overweight Y-Shape, and Obese H-Shape than women in the 26 to 35 years of age group. Younger US women, 26 to 35 years of age had slimmer body sizes with more balanced body shapes; however, older US women, 36 to 45 years of age had larger body sizes with more various body shapes.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2024

The application of ultrasound (US) in pain medicine has been a rapidly growing field since the 2000s. Musculoskeletal injections, peripheral nerve blocks, and neuraxial injections under US guidance have been acknowledged for managing chronic pain. Although many studies on US-guided pain procedures have been published, there needs to be a classification system to evaluate which image device, the US or fluoroscopy, is clinically and technically better in various pain interventions. Therefore, this narrative review introduces the classification system for the US-guided pain procedures according to their clinical and technical outcomes and designates US-guided pain procedures into one of the four categories by reviewing previous prospective randomized comparative trials.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2012

In this study, the inactivation efficiency of Mycobacterium marinum was evaluated in buffered water (pH 7) using a low pressure ultraviolet (LP-UV) lamp, ultrasonic (US), and UV/US sequential processes. In the UV alone process, 3 log inactivation of the M. marinum was achieved with a UV dose of $120mJ/cm^2$. However, a tailing phase was later observed because M. marinum has a high tendency for cell aggregation. Even though the M. marinum was not inactivated in the US alone process, the hydrophobicity decreased and turbidity increased due to the crumbling of the cell aggregation. Among the candidate processes which were UV alone, US-UV sequential process and UV-US-UV sequential process, the US-UV sequential process showed the highest synergistic effects for M. marinum inactivation. Consequently, US is a very useful process as a UV irradiation pre-treatment to inactivate M. marinum in water.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

The removal of PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) in aqueous phase was investigated in the ultraviolet (UV) process, ultrasonics (US) process and ultraviolet/ultrasonic (UV/US) process using PCB No.7 and Aroclor 1260. For PCB No.7 relatively high removal efficiency over 90% was obtained during 20 min in the UV process and UV/US process. On the other hand, lower removal efficiency of 50 - 70% was achieved for it consisted of individual congeners of PCBs containing 3~8 of chlorine atom. It was found that the dechlorination reaction (the photolytic cleavage of C-Cl bond) was considered as a main removal mechanism in the UV process while PCBs were removed by cavitation-induced radical reaction in the US process. No significant dechlorination occurred in the US process. Consequently, it was suggested that the UV process or UV/US process was applicable for the removal of PCBs in aqueous phase in terms of the removal efficiency and operation time. In addition, the application of saturating gas such as Ar and Air could be considered to control redox condition and enhance the severity of acoustic cavitation for the removal of PCBs.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2023

Objective: To assess the contrast-enhanced CT and ultrasonography (US) findings of intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN) and determine the imaging features predicting ICPN associated with invasive carcinoma (ICPN-IC). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we enrolled 119 consecutive patients, including 60 male and 59 female, with a mean age ± standard deviation of 63.3 ± 12.1 years, who had pathologically confirmed ICPN (low-grade dysplasia [DP] = 34, high-grade DP = 35, IC = 50) and underwent preoperative CT or US. Two radiologists independently assessed the CT and US findings, focusing on wall and polypoid lesion characteristics. The likelihood of ICPN-IC was graded on a 5-point scale. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify significant predictors of ICPN-IC separately for wall and polypoid lesion findings. The performances of CT and US in distinguishing ICPN-IC from ICPN with DP (ICPN-DP) was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: For wall characteristics, the maximum wall thickness (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.9) and mucosal discontinuity (aOR = 5.6; 95% CI: 1.3-23.4) on CT were independently associated with ICPN-IC. Among 119 ICPNs, 110 (92.4%) showed polypoid lesions. Regarding polypoid lesion findings, multiplicity (aOR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.6-10.4), lesion base wall thickening (aOR = 6.0; 95% CI: 2.3-15.8) on CT, and polyp size (aOR = 1.1; 95% CI: 1.0-1.2) on US were independently associated with ICPN-IC. CT showed a higher diagnostic performance than US in predicting ICPN-IC (AUC = 0.793 vs. 0.676; p = 0.002). Conclusion: ICPN showed polypoid lesions and/or wall thickening on CT or US. A thick wall, multiplicity, presence of wall thickening in the polypoid lesion base, and large polyp size are imaging findings independently associated with invasive cancer and may be useful for differentiating ICPN-IC from ICPN-DP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.75-92
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to prove how sociocultural perspective of obesity, differences in consumers' perception of body and attitudes of accepting obesity affected individuals' clothing behaviors through cross-cultural studies. The data collected were composed of 612 Korean and US consumers in the 20's and 30's that had experiences in purchasing plus-size products. The results were as follows. First, BMI index was lower in Korean consumers than the US consumers, but Korean consumers received more stress from being overweight compared to the US consumers, and had a more negative attitude about their body. Second, although Korean consumers had lower BMI index and degrees of obesity than US consumers, they were severely stressed by obesity and were found to have a higher level of dissatisfaction with their bodies. Third, Korean consumers responded more sensitively to obesity and had a tendency to display a more negative attitude regarding obesity, and a more passive dependence on clothing. Forth, differences in the body shape were reflected even in wearing evaluation, and US consumers showed a more positive attitude toward evaluations of size suitability and fitness. Fifth, the plus-size market for Korean consumers was still not active, and most products purchased were generic brands obtained from online shopping malls through the Internet. However, in the case of the US, in which the ratio of obese people is high and the plus-size market is growing, consumers were purchasing plus-size brands through various distribution online and offline channels. Sixth, Korean consumers were less satisfied than US consumers with shops, sizes and fitness; however, they were more satisfied with design factors. Finally, it is expected that this study can offer practical implications for marketers and product developers running plus-size market for young obese consumers in their 20 and 30s.

• Strategy21
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• s.41
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• pp.5-29
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• 2017

The Mahan's seapower theory has been the basis of US Navy to date as it can enjoy the supremacy status in all of the seas of the world. His theory is very straightforward. A nation can be a great country in the world just through the use of maritime commerce that could be protected by a strong and powerful navy. Mahan's theory on seapower was substantiated in the Spanish-American War with respect to how important the naval power is. The best thing to make US a great nation was to make sure that flow of international trade is smooth, and the unhindered trade could be made possible only by the destruction of enemy's fleet that may obstruct the SLOCs. That's why Mahan insisted that a strong navy was needed and a decisive battle by the navy's fleet at sea should be encouraged as a way of ensuring the safety of the SLOCs. The newly-arrived Trump administration seems to be in line with the Mahan's theory seapower in its policy on naval forces structure. It is expected that US will continue to support the Pivot to Asia policy that has been adopted by the previous administration through an increase in its naval fleet forces. The number of US navy ships will be 355 in 2030, rendering it much more powerful navy than before. The catch phrase "3rd Fleet Forward" proposed by the president Trump indicates that two carrier strike groups will be present in the Asia Pacific region, being able to make the confrontation between US and China more tense than before. The presence of the US naval forces in the area may function as some sort of pressure against China that Trump insisted had been responsible for the closure of 60,000 factories and the loss of 3,000,000 jobs in the United States.