• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.249-257
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• 2022

In recent years, if we order food by easily accessing the online market with our smartphone, we can receive the product in a fresh state at dawn the next day. Cold chain is an industry that can create high added value because it has both the characteristics of general logistics and sensitivity to temperature. Based on the electrical specifications derived from the reefer container capacity requirement investigation, we proved that power supply to up to 33 reefer containers can be made by using three additional auxiliary power supplies which are applied for freight trains in Korea. In this paper, we conducted a research on a design of power supply system for freight train reefer container based on simulation as a basic research necessary for low-temperature distribution and cold chain construction based on the reefer container railroad. Consequently, the simulation was conducted using the three-phase inverter diagram in PSIM and the SVPWM (3-harmonic injection method) control technique, and it was verified that the required power voltage was satisfied with 622V_dc, which is lower than the input voltage of general SPWM of 718V_dc. The details of this paper could be used as a foundational study for constructing cold chains based on a reefer container dedicated to freight trains in the future.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.66-79
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• 1992

The code of the International Classification of Disease(ICD) is seriously questioned on its effectiveness in identifing an independent disease entity from similar conditions at general practitioner's offices. This study has attempted to show individual coding variations in ICD for similar ambulatory care conditions. It has been assumed that a following outpatient visit is regarded as the sane kind of visit owing to the same disease if a visit to the different source of care would be mad within an interval of less than two days. The 'D' health insurance association was selected for this analysis. The 'D' association had 153,298 members and made claims of 642,605 outpatient care in 1990. Out of the total outpatient claims, 8.6%(55,102 claims) were counted as the same disease which could meet the above assumption. Percent of conditions classified as the 10 leading causes of frequent visits which were matched accurately to the subsequent ICD diagnostic code found to be 15.8% on the average. The URI was noted for the highest concurrence rate of 20.4%. This proportion was even decreased to 11.6% on the case of chronic disease. Despite the fact that the assumption underlying the definition of the above same disease is rather rough and inappropriate, this study reveals that the code of ICD currently in use has weaknesses in seperating a certain independent disease from similar conditions at the outpatient setting. Thus, efforts need to be elaborated to meet the need of a new system of classification for conditions and diseases encountering at ambulatory care.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.187-217
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether there is gender difference in Members' voting on women's issue bills, and to find out determinants of Members voting decisions on the same bills. The findings are as follows. First, there is no gender difference in women's issue voting, so women Members as a group were not significantly different from men Members in voting behavior. That's not because women Members were split in voting but because both men and women Members are very supportive of the bills. Secondly, Members' party and ideology play a significant role in Member' voting on women's issue. Compared to the majority party(Uri party)'s overwhelming support, minority parties are much less supportive on the issues. Member's ideology also proved to be important indicator of voting decision. The more ideologically liberal Members are, the more supportive of the bills.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.270-276
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• 1994

Background: The measurement of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity is valuable for diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma. Methacholine or histamine is used for the pharmacologic provocation test. Usually a methacholine bronchial provocation test is performed by a dosing technique with counted number of breaths. A dosimeter is indispensable in the dosing technique. Recently a timed tidal breathing technique which dose not need an expensive dosimeter was introduced. We measured the degree of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine using a simple timed tidal breathing technique. Method: Forty two healthy volunteers, 12 patients with bronchial asthma(BA), 10 patients with rhinitis(RH) and 10 patients with upper respiratory infection(URI) participated in the study. The subject's nose was clipped and inhalation continued during tidal breathing for 2 minutes via a face mask. $FEV_1$ was measured at 30 seconds, 90 seconds after inhalation and inhalation of next solution was continued until there was a fall in $FEV_1$ of 20%. Histamine PC20 was defined as the concentration at 20% fall of $FEV_1$ and it was obtained from the log dose-response curve by linear interpolation. Results: Inhalation of serial dilution of histamine could be performed in all patients without significant side effects. The geometric mean${\pm}$standard deviation of histamine PC20 in healthy volunteers is $8.27{\pm}2.22mg/ml$, BA group $0.33{\pm}3.02mg/ml$, RH group $0.85{\pm}3.24mg/ml$, and URI group $1.47{\pm}1.98mg/ml$. Conclusion: Histamine bronchial provocation test using timed tidal breath method is a simple and suitable tool for management of patients with bronchial hyperreactivity.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.97-117
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• 2012

Nowadays, Internet users tend to do a variety of actions at the same time such as web browsing, social networking and multimedia consumption. While watching a video, once a user is interested in any product, the user has to do information searches to get to know more about the product. With a conventional approach, user has to search it separately with search engines like Bing or Google, which might be inconvenient and time-consuming. For this reason, a video annotation platform has been developed in order to provide users more convenient and more interactive ways with video content. In the future of smart TV environment, users can follow annotated information, for example, a link to a vendor to buy the product of interest. It is even better to enable users to search for information by directly discussing with friends. Users can effectively get useful and relevant information about the product from friends who share common interests or might have experienced it before, which is more reliable than the results from search engines. Social networking services provide an appropriate environment for people to share products so that they can show new things to their friends and to share their personal experiences on any specific product. Meanwhile, they can also absorb the most relevant information about the product that they are interested in by either comments or discussion amongst friends. However, within a very huge graph of friends, determining the most appropriate persons to ask for information about a specific product has still a limitation within the existing conventional approach. Once users want to share or discuss a product, they simply share it to all friends as new feeds. This means a newly posted article is blindly spread to all friends without considering their background interests or knowledge. In this way, the number of responses back will be huge. Users cannot easily absorb the relevant and useful responses from friends, since they are from various fields of interest and knowledge. In order to overcome this limitation, we propose a method to filter a user's friends for information search, which leverages semantic video annotation and social networking services. Our method filters and brings out who can give user useful information about a specific product. By examining the existing Facebook information regarding users and their social graph, we construct a user profile of product interest. With user's permission and authentication, user's particular activities are enriched with the domain-specific ontology such as GoodRelations and BestBuy Data sources. Besides, we assume that the object in the video is already annotated using Linked Data. Thus, the detail information of the product that user would like to ask for more information is retrieved via product URI. Our system calculates the similarities among them in order to identify the most suitable friends for seeking information about the mentioned product. The system filters a user's friends according to their score which tells the order of whom can highly likely give the user useful information about a specific product of interest. We have conducted an experiment with a group of respondents in order to verify and evaluate our system. First, the user profile accuracy evaluation is conducted to demonstrate how much our system constructed user profile of product interest represents user's interest correctly. Then, the evaluation on filtering method is made by inspecting the ranked results with human judgment. The results show that our method works effectively and efficiently in filtering. Our system fulfills user needs by supporting user to select appropriate friends for seeking useful information about a specific product that user is curious about. As a result, it helps to influence and convince user in purchase decisions.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2010

Flour characteristics of 26 Korean wheat cultivars (KWC) were evaluated to assess consumer satisfaction with 6 imported wheat and 5 commercial wheat flours. In physical characteristics of flours, Particle size of SW (soft white) was similar to Dahong, Geuru, Milsung, Olgeuru, Seodun, Tapdong, and Uri. DNS (dark northern spring) was similar to Jeokjoong, Joeun, Sukang, and Younbaek. Ash and damaged starch content of KWC was similar to that of imported wheat and commercial flour (Com), but lightness value ($L^*$) were lower than those of Com. Particle size of flour positively correlated with ash, damaged starch, and lightness value ($L^*$) of flour. L ($^*$) value of flour negatively correlated with ash, damaged starch, and particle size of flour. In protein characteristics, Protein content of SW and commercial flour for baking cookie (Com5) was similar to Baekjoong, Jinpoom, Milsung, Olgeuru, Saeol, and Uri. HRW (hard red winter) and commercial flour for baking bread (Com3) was similar to Hanbaek, Joeun, Jopoom, Keumkang, and Sukang. SDS sedimentation volume based on a constant flour weight (SDSS) of KWC was lower than those of DNS and Com3. Mixograph water absorption of KWC similar to imported wheat and Com. Mixing time and maximum dough height (Hm) of KWC were higher than those of imported wheat and Com. Protein content positively correlated with SDS sedimentation volume and water absorption of mixograph. SDS-sedimentation volume positively correlated with water absorption of mixograph, mixing time of mixograph, and height of dough development. In starch characteristics of flour, ASW (Australian standard white) flours showed lower amylose content, higher peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback in pasting properties than other flours. KWV flours showed higher amylose content and lower peak viscosity than those of AH (Australian hard), ASW, commercial flour for making white salted noodles (Com1), commercial flour for making yellow alkaline noodles (Com2), and Com3.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.156-164
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• 2018

Purpose: We aimed to identify the epidemiology and the clinical characteristics of human parainfluenza virus type 4 (HPIV-4) infection compared to HPIVs 1-3 infections in Korean children. Methods: We reviewed medical records of children with HPIV infection who visited Seoul National University Children's Hospital from 2015 to 2017. Detection of respiratory viruses was performed using real time-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR), which could differentiate HPIVs 1-4. Diagnosis was classified as a febrile illness, upper respiratory tract infection (URI), croup, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia. The epidemiology, demographic features, and clinical characteristics among HPIV types were compared. The clinical data were analyzed only for the previously healthy children. Results: Of the 472 children diagnosed with HPIV infection, 108 (22.9%) were previously healthy: 24 (22.2%), 19 (17.6%), 39 (36.1%), and 26 (24.1%) in HPIV types 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The median age of children with HPIV-4 infection was 11 (0-195) months: the proportion of children aged < 2 years and 2 to < 5 years were 65.4% and 19.2%, respectively. Clinical diagnoses of HPIV-4 infection were bronchiolitis (38.5%), pneumonia (30.8%), and URI (30.8%). Croup was the most prevalent in HPIV-2 (21.1%) and none in HPIV-4 infection (P=0.026). Hospital admission rates among HPIV types were not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusions: We observed seasonal peak of HPIV-4 infection in 2015 and 2017. HPIV-4 was a common respiratory pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2012

In recent years, mobile phone has experienced an extremely fast evolution. It is equipped with high-quality color displays, high resolution cameras, and real-time accelerated 3D graphics. In addition, some other features are includes GPS sensor and Digital Compass, etc. This evolution advent significantly helps the application developers to use the power of smart-phones, to create a rich environment that offers a wide range of services and exciting possibilities. To date mobile AR in outdoor research there are many popular location-based AR services, such Layar and Wikitude. These systems have big limitation the AR contents hardly overlaid on the real target. Another research is context-based AR services using image recognition and tracking. The AR contents are precisely overlaid on the real target. But the real-time performance is restricted by the retrieval time and hardly implement in large scale area. In our work, we exploit to combine advantages of location-based AR with context-based AR. The system can easily find out surrounding landmarks first and then do the recognition and tracking with them. The proposed system mainly consists of two major parts-landmark browsing module and annotation module. In landmark browsing module, user can view an augmented virtual information (information media), such as text, picture and video on their smart-phone viewfinder, when they pointing out their smart-phone to a certain building or landmark. For this, landmark recognition technique is applied in this work. SURF point-based features are used in the matching process due to their robustness. To ensure the image retrieval and matching processes is fast enough for real time tracking, we exploit the contextual device (GPS and digital compass) information. This is necessary to select the nearest and pointed orientation landmarks from the database. The queried image is only matched with this selected data. Therefore, the speed for matching will be significantly increased. Secondly is the annotation module. Instead of viewing only the augmented information media, user can create virtual annotation based on linked data. Having to know a full knowledge about the landmark, are not necessary required. They can simply look for the appropriate topic by searching it with a keyword in linked data. With this, it helps the system to find out target URI in order to generate correct AR contents. On the other hand, in order to recognize target landmarks, images of selected building or landmark are captured from different angle and distance. This procedure looks like a similar processing of building a connection between the real building and the virtual information existed in the Linked Open Data. In our experiments, search range in the database is reduced by clustering images into groups according to their coordinates. A Grid-base clustering method and user location information are used to restrict the retrieval range. Comparing the existed research using cluster and GPS information the retrieval time is around 70~80ms. Experiment results show our approach the retrieval time reduces to around 18~20ms in average. Therefore the totally processing time is reduced from 490~540ms to 438~480ms. The performance improvement will be more obvious when the database growing. It demonstrates the proposed system is efficient and robust in many cases.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of Sambok-go for upper respiratory tract infection. Methods: Sambok-go was performed to outpatients which had visited Daejeon university oriental medicine hospital. The number of participants who received Sambok-go at least once were 85, 21 patients did not receive Sambok-go three times were excluded first. Participants who received treatment three times were 64 patients. After the 2011 winter, 2012.05 we follow-up by telephone, except eight, 56 patients were analyzed. Sambok-go is composed of 8 kinds of medicinal herbs. Each Sambok-go weighs about 1.1g and attatchment surface diameter is about 1.5 cm. Sambok-go was attached to both side of 폐유(肺兪)(BL13), 심유(心兪)(BL15), 폐유(膈兪)(BL17), patients under the age of 15 were attached for an hour, patients over 15 years age were attatched for 3 hours. Results: Among the finally analyzed 56 participants, we compared the number of flu outbreak during winter before and after treatment. Before treatment measured $6.14{\pm}6.57$, after treatment measured $1.57{\pm}1.14$. In conclusion, the number of flu outbreak was significantly decreased(p<0.001). To investigate the effect of worsening factors on the pre-existing upper respiratory diseases, we checked whether the patients had pre-existing upper respiratory diseases. The patients who already had old upper respiratory diseases were 34. The increase in the frequency of deterioration in 5 patients, 4 patients no change, decreased in 24 cases, one patient was unresponsive. After evaluating the satisfaction of The patients who were treated with the Sambok-Go, the 29 cases were very satisfied, the 23 were satisfied, None of the paitents showed dissatisfaction or bad dissatisfaction. Conclusion: Sambok-go seems to be effective in the prevention of URI. Further studies are recommended to confirm this effect.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2002

Purpose : The minimum stimulus onset asynchronoy(SOAmin) is one of important experimental parameters for an event-related fMRI experiment designed with the stochastic stimulus. In this study, the most efficient SOAmin is explored for the stronger activation in motor and language tasks with the stimulus designed stochastically. Materials and methods : The event-related fMRI during motor and language tasks were obtained in four normal right-handed subjects. EPI-BOLD sequence is used at 1.5Tesla MR system for the acquisition of event-related fMRI. For each task the subjects are responded for the stimulus' with 2, 3, 4, and 6 seconds SOAmin. The obtained images are processed with SPM99, and the p value is set as 0.05 for the significant activation detection. The Z value and the number of activated pixels are compared for each task. Results : For the motor task, the primary and supplementary motor areas are activated, and for the language task the consistent activated signals are detected in the Broca's. The activated signal is to be stronger for the shorter SOAmin for both motor and language tasks. At primary motor area, the activated signals is the strongest for 3 seconds SOAmin and for the supplementary motor area the result with 2 seconds SOAmin shows the strongest activation. And the result of language task shows the strongest activation at the 2 seconds SOAmin. Conclusion : In the event-related fMRI of motor and language tasks with the stochastically designed stimulus, the 2 or 3 seconds SOAmin is efficient for more activated and clustered activation.