• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.222-225
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• 2001

In urban environments, the surface land impermeability fundamentally related to urban growth emphasizes the environmental problems such as the storm water peak flow (so-called the urban flooding) and the pollution. The conventional urban drainage system provides a number of temporary reservoirs intercepting and retaining surface-derived pollutants following their introduction to and deposition upon the impermeable surface. Gully-pots are common features in urban drainage systems in Korea, which were installed for draining rainwater to prevent regurgitation in rainy season and retaining larger particles, hence minimizing pipe blockage problems. When the road runoff conveying sediment enters a gully-pot, the sediment mixes with the gully liquor causing direct pollution of receiving waters. The characteristics of local sediment contamination are usually related to the types of land use activities that take place or have taken place within the area., This study was undertaken to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of the contamination of gully-pot sediments in Seoul with respect to heavy metals such as As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn. The heavy metal data were examined according to the land use type. In this paper, sampling sites in Seoul were divided into six groups (commercial area, industrial area, residental area, motor way, rural area, and local pollution).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.455-461
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• 2010

It is one among very important works to detect change in urban area for effectively maintaining city. But, recently it is become more difficult to extract various changes using traditional method based on orthophotos because objects in urban area get higher and become more complex. To resolve these problems, we introduce new digital imagining system Pictometry which can acquire images of five directions (oblique and nadir). In this study, we compared the digital interpretation results based on Pictometry to the results from traditional method. As a result, Pictometry showed the good results in change detection of urban area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2012

Global climate change and urban heat island have been the main factors which changed leaf burst timing and leaf growth performance in urban forests. Therefore, the ecosystem in urban forests were modified and the types and composition of wildlives, living in the urban forests, were desperately changed due to the urban heat island. This study was done to identify phenological phenomena appeared in urban forests due to the urban climate change by comparing the morphological changes of leaves due to the change of temperature in Spring. The study focused on nine urban forests distributed in Daegu city, where weekly temperature and the morphological changes of the plants were mainly observed. Urban forests had different temperature depending on where each was located in the urban area. The difference of temperature in forests in and outside the urban area was verified by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), which divided the urban forests into about three groups; the one located outside the city, another group located in the middle of the city, and the other located close to the outside forests. The forests located in the middle of the city were showing the earlier leaf burst timing and leaf growth performance, while forests, distributed outside the city, were showing relatively late leaf burst timing and leaf performance.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.11-22
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• 2010

In the urban area where rapid suburbanization trend continues, the role of mixed use building is controversial. It is argued that the mixed use building is an effective tool to recover residential function of urban core(urban regeneration). It is also argued that the building is a cause of serious urban problems, such as congestion, public service shortages. The fundamental purpose of this study is to examine the role of mixed use building in terms of urban growth management in Seoul. For this purpose, data of mixed use building from 1981 to 2007 are collected and analysed. The results show that most of mixed use buildings are located in either sub-centers or population losing areas, rather than traditional urban core. Therefore, it is hard to accept that the two controversial arguments. The mixed use building noncore areas in most cases. However, it dose help to increase population inflow in non-core areas. it is difficult to accept the public service assertion which states that super-high rise mixed use building causes public service congestion, because the building is built in population losing or demand decreasing area. Based on these findings this study suggests some policy alternatives such as urban service boundary or concurrency program to management urban growth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.96-108
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• 1990

This study was conducted to assess the morbidity and medical facilities utilization patterns of high school students in urban and rural areas, and to contribute to establishment of school health policies. A questionnaire survey was carried out for 1,979 of one boy's and one girl's high school in Pusan and 1,315 of one boy's and one girl's high school in Kyungnam province from March 27 to April 8, 1989. The summarized result is as follows. The number of students who were sick or injured in one month period was 378.0 of 1,000 students. One sick or injured student experienced 1.2 events on the average and thus the incidence rate was 453.2 per 1,000 students for a month. The morbidity rate of the urban area (550.8) was higher than that of the rural area (306.5) while the rate for girl students (561.9) was higher than that of the boy students (328.3) (P<0.01). Especially, the girl students (740.7) in the urban area showed two times higher morbidity rate than that of the girl students in the rural area. Out of all morbidity respiratory disease for 67.6 percent in urban area and 68.5 percent in rural area and it was followed by gastrointestinal disease and nervous & sensory diseases. The morbid conditions took place at school in 37.5 percent, and at home in 59.8 percent. The absence rate due to morbidity was 4.4 percent out of all morbid students. In addition, 73.5 percent of all morbid student utilized medical treatment, of which the pharmacy accounted for 53.8 percent and 57.5 percent in the urban and rural areas, respectively. The second most common facility utilized was hospital OPD. While there was no student who utilized the school nursing room in the rural area, 1.5 percent of the sick students utilized the school nursing room in the urban area. The most important in selecting medical facility was the distance. By low medical expense was more frequent cited reason for selecting medical facility in rural area (13.6 percent) than in urban area (3.2 percent). Mild illness accounted for 70.3 percent of the reasons for no treatment and 21.8 percent was due to the conflict between school hour and clinic hour. The morbid students mostly suffered from mild respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, and its incidence was the highest rate in the school. Although there was relation between the worry of absence and no-treatment, the school nursing room utilization of students was very insufficient. Therefore, it is required to activate the operation of the high school nursing room by utilizing the specialized personnel.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.303-316
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• 2015

The relationship between urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions was investigated by statistically analyzing those from 25 administrative districts of Seoul. Urban spatial structures, of which data were obtained from Seoul statistics yearbook, were classified into five categories of city development, residence, environment, traffic and economy. They were further classified into 10 components of local area, population, number of households, residential area, forest area, park area, registered vehicles, road area, number of businesses and total local taxes. GHG-AP integrated emissions were estimated based on IPCC(intergovernmental panel on climate change) 2006 guidelines, guideline for government greenhouse inventories, EPA AP-42(compilation of air pollutant emission factors) and preliminary studies. The result of statistical analysis indicated that GHG-AP integrated emissions were significantly correlated with urban spatial structures. The correlation analysis results showed that registered vehicles for GHG (r=0.803, p<0.01), forest area for AP (r=0.996, p<0.01), and park area for AP (r=0.889, p<0.01) were highly significant. From the factor analysis, three groups such as city and traffic categories, economy category and environment category were identified to be the governing factors controlling GHG-AP emissions. The multiple regression analysis also represented that the most influencing factors on GHG-AP emissions were categories of traffic and environment. 25 administrative districts of Seoul were clustered into six groups, of which each has similar characteristics of urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 1992

The aim of this paper is to define major factors influencing land development of each of major uses (residential, commercial, industrial) in the process of rapid urban expansion. The main hypothesis of this study is that land use changing patterns are directed by supply side of land managed to public policies rather than demand side. The graphic analysis is applied to relationships between urban growth and land development process of each use and between land development project managed to public policies and land development process. Public and land development projects and zonning protection seem to be major roles of land supply and main determinants of urban spatial structure. Location factors for land development of each uses are selected in 23 variables. Factor analysis is applied to test correlation between variables in 1971 and 1981. Factor structure between two years is similar, but progressive processing of functional separation is derived such as intensive land use is grouped, different location between residential and industrial use is deep. Dependent variables are standardized to logarithm of land development of each use per unit vacant land in two periods, between 1971 and 1980 year and between 1981 year. Correlation analysis between 6 dependent variables and 23 location factors in each years are applied. Major factors of each use are selected in criteria such as high correlation with dependent variables, low correlation between independent variables and common application in two periods. As the result, major factors for residential land development are Land Readjustment Project (LRP), percent of total zoned area in residential zone, residential floor space density per available area, percent of total area in industrial use; for commercial development is distance to CBD, percent of total area in commercial use, residential floor space density per available area in each year, and volumn rate of industrial use; for industrial use is percent of total area of industrial use is percent of total area of industrial use, Industrial Estate Project (IES), LRP, and distance from CBD. Land development pattern of each use between two periods are slightly different. So 6 equation is derived from appling backward method of regession. Adjusted multiple R squares of all is more than 0.5 and those equation is statistically significant and valuable to assist urban land use forecasting.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

Background: South Korea is one of fastest aging countries in the world. Poor balance and falls of the elderly are main health issues. Objects: The goal of this study was to understand the association between the socioeconomical factors and the standing balance of elderly living in the rural and urban area. Methods: One hundred sixty-six elderly participants who were older than 65 and were able to walk without an assistive device were recruited in the city of Gwangju and in the rural area of Jeonnam, South Korea. All participants performed the static and dynamic standing balance tests. Static standing balance was measured with chronometer in seconds while standing on one leg. Dynamic balance was tested with the timed up and go test (TUG), measured in seconds while getting up from a chair and walking 3 meters and back to sit. The static and dynamic standing balance was analyzed using analysis of variance and the Fisher's Least Significant Difference post hoc test. Results: Male participants from both areas had no difference in one leg standing and TUG. The female elderly living in rural area took shorter in TUG than females living in urban area. Age decreased the one leg standing time in both areas while did not affect the TUG significantly. As the monthly income increased, both of one leg standing and TUG increased in urban area, while the medium monthly income showed best performance (it was not statistically significant) in both of one leg standing and TUG in rural area. Conclusion: Socioeconomical factors affects differently the standing balance of the elderly living in rural and urban South Korea. Female living alone in urban area with low monthly income demonstrated worst standing balance in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.17-24
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• 2022

This study aims to identify the Spatial Changes and the main agent of space creation in Samrye Area during the Japanese Occupation Period. As for the urban space in the Samrye area, the urban space was expanded to the Hujeong-ri area from the construction of the Jeonbuk light railway. Before 1914, the urban space of Samrye was formed around Samrye Station in Samrye-ri, which oversees Samrye-do from the Goryeo Dynasty to the Joseon Dynasty, but when Samrye Station of Jeonbuk light railway was established in Hujeong-ri in 1914, the foundation of a ladder-type street network visible from the central space of the current Samrye area was formed until the 1930s. And it was the Japanese and Korean landowners who took the lead in the construction of the Jeonbuk light railway, not the government, who expanded the urban space of Samnye from Samrye-ri to Hujeong-ri. The background of the establishment of Jeonbuk light railway is the reason why Dongsan Farm has difficulty in transporting rice to the Honam Line during the rice harvest. At that time, Park Ki-soon, famous as the land king, took charge of the established chairman of the railroad installation and established it, and with the establishment of Samrye Station, the access road was connected to his farm. In addition, a new road was built on the farm land that owned the Hujeong-ri area to the Seoul-Mokpo Interroad in Samrye-ri, thereby expanding the urban space. In other words, unlike Gunsan and Iksan, which were built under the leadership of the Japanese colonial eran government, the urban space in Samrye area was expanded by a farmer who grew up as a large landowner based on agriculture, which was the economic base at the time.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.824-832
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• 2002

The present study was conducted to evaluate nutritional intake by lunch-box of middle school girls who live in Chonbuk area. Anthropometric measurements and food intake from lunch-box over a three day period were investigated in a total of 110 middle school girls from rural (n＝37) and urban (n＝73) areas. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Not all the steamed rice in the lunch-box had enough mixed-cereal. 2. In the survey of food intake by food groups, 70.5% of the food came from the cereal group. 3. The intake of protein, phosphate, Vitamins $B_1 and B_2$, niacine and Vitamin E were adequate, however, the intake of other nutrients was significantly lower than those of one-third of the Korean RDA.4. Protein, lipid, and zinc intakes of the students from the rural area were significantly lower than those of students from the urban area. however, the carbohydrate and dietary fiber intakes of those in the rural area were significantly higher than those of the students in the urban area. 5. The percentage of calories from carbohydrate : protein lipid ratio was 67.6 : 12.2 : 16.9 for students in the rural area and 59.2 : 14.9 : 22.5 respectively for those in the urban area. In Summary, the intake of calcium, iron, Vitamins A, $B_6$, and D, folate and zinc from lunch-box in middle school girls was much lower than that of one-third of the Korean RDA. The intake of carbohydrate and dietary fiber of the students in the rural area was significantly higher, but that of protein, lipids, and zinc was lower than that of the students in the urban area. Therefore, nutritional education programs for both students and their parents should be provided to improve the daily food intake from lunch-box.