• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.79-88
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• 2007

The purpose of the this study was to provide the basic information about the formation background of urban squatter and their housing state in Korea. This study was progressed on the basis of socio-historical point of view from after the Korean War to the present time. Therefore, this study considered the meaning of housing for urban squatter in the Korean housing history. For this study, the formation background of urban squatter was divided into five periods. The first one was the period of the policy on the mass migration (1955-1960) after the Korean War. The second period was the period of reproduction of deteriorated residential area (1960-1970) for the continuing mass migration policy. The third was the period of disbanding of deteriorated residential area (1970-1980) for redevelopment. The forth period was before the IMF (1980-1997) broke up the deteriorated residential area. The fifth period was after the IMF (1997-) produced the new poverty due to the unemployment and the business failure. Thus, such social change increased the number of urban squatter and created the new type urban poor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

The urban park provides a safe rest and leisure area, and offers the beauty of nature to counter the drearyness of urban space. It can provide benefits such as the reduction of environmental pollution, the regulation of the local climate, and it can also provide a safe area during times of disaster. However, there was no interest in urban park development and control in Korea during the economic boom of the mid 1960s. Furthermore, during the industrialization process, the population grew significantly in the cities and the cities' scales were noticeably extended; as a result of this, the living environment and the natural environment in the cities worsened. With rapid urbanization and industrialization, urban green area diminished, and it became necessary to organize the urban park system to improve quality of life. 45% of south korea's population lives in 6 cities, which is only 4% of Korea's land size. The Urban park system has to be considered in the urban planning process. Paris' urban green system can be a role-model for Korea's urban green development plan to function organically. Urban public park concepts have been used in Paris's urban planning since 1850. There were hardly any parks, gardens and squares for the public before the middle of the 19th century. For improving life-styles for the poor, Napoleon III strongly supported the development of green space systems in Paris by G.E. Haussmann. Napoleon III and Haussmann established and applied the urban green regulation within Paris urban planning. The purpose of this study is to investigate the green regulations Haussmann's Paris urban plan and urban green space system: and as a result of this, it can be an indicator for urban green space development in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.133-146
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• 2014

This study aims to analyze the changes of adjacent residential area after the restoration of covered urban streams in seoul. The changes of adjacent residential area after restoration were analyzed by changes of land using, urban structure, individual lot of land and architecture to investigate relationship of the urban stream and residential change. The result as follows: the first one is the change of land use and urban structure in adjacent residential area. This change of infrastructure through stream restoration has transformed land use and urban structure in adjacent residential area. Secondly, there is the changes of the individual lot of land. It seemed that new development by combined lots would be concentrated in stream-side blocks. But, the changes of lots such as combining or dividing lots tend to be concentrated in stream-side, main road and main streets. In stream-side, commercial function of land use has changed to residential one which has restored streams landscape by transformation of lots use without changes of ownership-lots. Finally, there is the change of architecture. It turned out new building in adjacent residential area is similar to general development. However, new building in streamside is related to direction of stream. In addition, remodeling and expansion tend to change in commercial buildings on stream-side bridges of corner lots intensively. As a result, it is related to expectation of architectural activation and improvement of sidewalk environment by stream restoration.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.628-642
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• 2016

In small countries such as Korea, rapid expansion of cities has been pointed out as the main cause of urban and environmental issues. In order to understand the urban problems caused by urban sprawl and prepare countermeasures for it, urban sprawl must be accurately measured first of all. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal changes of urban sprawl process in Seoul Metropolitan Area using landscape indices which measure the degree of urban sprawl in terms of urban structure such as area, distribution, and shape of urbanized area. FRAGSTATS, which is a tool for landscape analysis, is utilized to calculate landscape indices. Major findings are as follows. First, the urban sprawl in Seoul Metropolitan Area has been continually intensified since the late 1980s and this tendency was more clearer in the 1990s than the 2000s. While leapfrog development is relatively prominent in the 1990s, infilling development is remarkable in the 2000s. Second, the progress and development types of sprawl progress were different according to the zones which are defined based on Seoul Metropolitan Area Readjustment Planning Act. Congestion Restrain Zone shows the highest level of urban sprawl in terms of the evaluated landscape indices, but infilling development was predominant. In Growth Management Zone1, leapfrog development was dominant in the 1990s and infilling development in the 2000s. In Growth Management Zone1, leapfrog development has been continually remarkable since the late 1980s. Nature Conservation Zone shows the lowest level of sprawl, but its sprawl tendency is gradually being intensified. Third, the sprawl tendency in Seoul Metropolitan Area was different according to the distance and direction from Seoul. Urban sprawl was remarkable at Si-Guns close to Seoul in the late 1980s, Si-Guns close to Seoul and the southern part of Seoul in the late 1990s, and the southern and northern parts of Seoul in the late 2000s.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.47-60
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• 2014

Urban-Hanok emerged as a result of urbanization of Hanok in the modern period. In particular, Urban-Hanok has been mass-produced from the early 1920s, when the population is concentrated in cities, until the middle. Large-scale development by the professional developer has been developed in large-scale land rather than individual client because housing shortage was serious problem. 11 Gahoe-dong was made in 1935-36 is representative Urban-hanok area of Bukchon. It was formed through division of large-scale Land in 1930's. In the 1930's, the large-scale development projects of Urban-Hanok was triggered by the two events. One is Land Investigation Project performed by the Japanese government to capitalization of property, another is the pro-japanese bought the large scale-land in Gahoe-dong at bargain price from The Japanese government. Each lot has still a topographical characteristics such as land-dividing quality, the way of development, characteristic quality of urban-tissue. 11 Gahoe-dong, Urban-hanok area was developed two ways. First, development have been adapted to the topography. The lots have reflected topographical conditions such as land cutting area, a retaining wall, land-diving was maintaining the original topography almost. Second, it was street oriented development. The lots have developed sequentially along the street. So, the lots's shape and size is different each. For this reason, this area distribute various type of Hanok.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 1997

This study analyzes behavior characteristics of illegal urban stall keepers scattered in the metropolitan area and their effects to urban life. The main findings of this study are follows. First, the stall keepers are different in terms of 1) items 2) opening hour and 3) user characteristics depending on locational environment of market boundaries. Second, the stall keepers exit in any time and any place if demand exists. Third, the effects of stall keepers to urban life are twofold ; they facilitate urban life by providing cheap and various commodities/services and they bring about negative effects such as obstacle to traffic flows, waste generation, and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.45-52
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• 2016

Remarkable air temperature increases in urban areas are known as heat island phenomenon. In this study, we analyzed the effects of renewable energy on the heat island phenomenon in urban area by numerical method. The results showed that the use of renewable energy reduces the building energy use in urban area and contributes the alleviation of the Urban Heat Island Effects.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.984-989
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• 2004

Significant air temperature increases in urban areas is well known as the heat island phenomenon in a global scale. Therefore, we propose numerical model in order to analyze quantitative effects of building environmental factors on the heat island phenomenon in urban area. In this paper, thermal property of upper atmosphere is experimentally investigated for Sakae, Nagoya Japan. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the boundary layer of a urban canopy existed near the altitude of 139 m.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2004

Significant air temperature increases in urban areas are known as the heat island phenomenon in a global scale. Therefore, we propose numerical model in order to analyze quantitative effects of building environmental factors on the heat island phenomenon in urban area. In this paper, we propose a predicting model to analyze the heat island phenomenon quantitatively. Using this model, numerical simulation is performed in order to analyze quantitative effects of many factor on the heat island phenomenon.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.867-878
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• 2011

Development restriction areas (greenbelt areas) of Korea were recognized in 1970 as a means to control urban sprawl and conserve the natural environment. Although there have been some achievements, for a long time many planners and residents have requested a redefining of the green belt due to individual property rights restrictions and urban management problems. In fact, a lot of the greenbelt area is being destroyed by urban development. Therefore, conservation of ecological spaces in the green belt is needed to maintain urban naturalness. In this regard, this study suggests efficient methods to manage the greenbelt through the adoption of a landscape ecological value assessment. The greenbelt of the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) is represented as the case study because there has been mounting pressure to develop the area in Korea. In this study, the assessment of the landscape ecology in the greenbelt area focuses on landscape structure and function. The assessment consists of the following steps: First, patches were derived by NDVI analysis using landsat remote sensing data. Second, characteristics of the patches were quantified by analyzing the landscape structure, such as patch size and shape index. Lastly, the gravity model and least cost path analysis to assess connectivity were applied to evaluate the landscape function in the green belt areas. The assessment result showed that 48.45% of green belt area should be conserved to maintain ecological stability and function. Moreover, major ecological networks were identified near the large patches in the northern and southern areas. However, relative low ecological values were identified in the western part of the green belt area due to the lack of green spaces. Furthermore, some development plans in the green belt were also identified near the conservation area. Based on these results, the restoration needed areas to enhance ecological value in green belt were displayed. This study suggests efficient management of the greenbelt area, which is disappearing as a result of urban development. The area for conservation chosen in this study should be managed carefully in urban planning. Finally, the results of this study can be used in green belt polices and plans for the promotion of ecological naturalness and stability.