• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.58 no.6
• /
• pp.400-406
• /
• 2021

The primary effect of the far-field underwater explosion (UNDEX) is the whipping of the ship hull girder. This paper aims to verify why inelastic effects should be considered in the whipping response estimations from the UNDEX simulations. A navy ship was modeled using Timoshenko beam elements over the ship length uniformly keeping the constant midship section modulus. The transient UNDEX pressure was produced using two types of the Geers-Hunter doubly-asymptotic models: compressible and incompressible fluids. Because the UNDEX model based on incompressible fluid assumption provided more increased fluid volume acceleration in the bubble phase, the incompressible fluid-based UNDEX model was adopted for the inelastic whipping response analyses. The non-linear hull girder bending moment-curvature curve was used to embed inelastic effects in the UNDEX analyses where the Smith method was applied to derive the non-linear stiffness. We assumed two stand-off distances to see more apparent inelastic effects: 40.5 m and 35.5 m. In the case of the 35.5 m stand-off distance, there was a statistically significant inelastic effect in terms of the average of peak moments and the average exceeding proportional limit moments. For the conservative design of a naval ship under UNDEX, it is recommended to use incompressible fluid. In the viewpoint of cost-effective naval ship design, the inelastic effects should be taken into account.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.342-348
• /
• 2018

The important issue of equipment installed in maritime weapon system is shock survivability against underwater explosion(UNDEX). If the shock survivability of equipment should not be guaranteed, the successful mission also could not be achieved. For that reason, the shock-resistance of each equipment under UNDEX environment should be demonstrated before deployment at combat field. However, the actual UNDEX test on the ocean is too expensive to conduct. Also, it has diverse dangerous factors. The main characteristic of UNDEX is a dual-pulse shock. The vertical shock test machine able to simulate dual pulse shock signal on the ground will be introduced in this paper. The dual-pulse shock signal presented in certain shock standard was achieved with this shock-test machine on the ground. The analytical procedure to set a test condition was verified by comparing simulation result with experiment result.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.77 no.3
• /
• pp.395-406
• /
• 2021

Near-field underwater explosion (UNDEX) phenomena were investigated by experiments and numerical simulations. The UNDEX experiments were performed in a water tank using a ship-like model. One kilogram of TNT, one of the most widely used military high explosives, was used for the experiments. Numerical simulations were performed under the same conditions as in the experiments using the commercial software LS-DYNA. Underwater pressures, accelerations, velocities, and strains by shock waves were measured at multiple locations. Further, the bubble pulsation period and the whipping deformations of the ship-like model were explored. The experimental results are presented and examined through comparison with the results obtained from widely used empirical equations and numerical simulations.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.589-597
• /
• 2017

This study aims to verify experimentally the specifications of the data acquisition system required for the precise measurement of signals in an underwater explosion (UNDEX) experiment. The three data acquisition systems with different specifications are applied to compare their precision relatively on maximum shock pressures from UNDEX. In addition, a method of assessing the acquired signals is suggested by introducing the concept of measurement uncertainty. The underwater explosion experiments are repeated five times under same conditions, and assessment is conducted on maximum quantities acquired from underwater pressure sensors. It is confirmed that the concept of measurement uncertainty is very useful method in accrediting the measurement results of UNDEX experiments.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.70-78
• /
• 2021

Naval surface ships and submarines could be exposed to non-contact underwater explosion(UNDEX) environment. Equipment installed on the ships and submarines could be damaged by shock load generated by UNDEX environment. Therefore, shock survivability of equipment generally evaluated by shock tests. Ground based shock test machine such as Light weight shock test machine(LVSM) is developed to simulate shock load caused by UNDEX environment. In this study, linear dynamic model of LVSM is proposed and evaluated to improve shock test design procedure. Parameters of the model are decided by optimizing time domain response compared to zero payload experiment. Proposed model is verified by comparing simulation results and test results of maximum payload experiment. Finally, shock test design using the model is described for various test equipment weight.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.161-167
• /
• 2022

Three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA) models have been used to evaluate the shock-resistance responses of various equipments, including armaments mounted on a warship caused by underwater explosion (UNDEX). This paper aims to check the possibility of using one-dimensional (1D) FEA models for the shock-resistance responses. A frigate was chosen for the evaluation of the shock-resistance responses by the UNDEX. The frigate was divided into the thirteen discrete segments along the length of the ship. The 1D Timoshenko beam elements were used to model the frigate. The explosive charge mass and the stand-off distance were determined based on the ship length and the keel shock factor (KSF), respectively. The UNDEX pressure fields were generated using the Geers-Hunter doubly asymptotic model. The pseudo-velocity shock response spectrum (PVSS) for the 1D-FEA model (1D-PVSS) was calculated using the acceleration history at a concerned equipment position where the digital recursive filtering algorithm was used. The 1D-PVSS was compared with the 3D-PVSS that was taken from a reference, and a relatively good agreement was found. In addition, the 1D-PVSS was compared with the design criteria specified by the German Federal Armed forces, which is called the BV043. The 1D-PVSS was proven to be relatively reasonable, reducing the computing cost dramatically.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.988-995
• /
• 2020

Air gun shock systems are commonly used as alternative explosion energy sources for underwater explosion (UNDEX) shock tests owing to their low cost and environmental impact. The airbag inflator of automotive airbag systems is also very useful to generate extremely rapid underwater gas release in labscale tests. To overcome the restrictions on the very small computational time step owing to the very fine fluid mesh around the nozzle hole in the explicit integration algorithm, and also the absence of a commercial solver and software for gas UNDEX of airbag inflator, an idealized airbag inflator and fluid mesh modeling technique was developed using nozzle holes of relatively large size and several small TNT charges instead of gas inside the airbag inflator. The objective of this study is to validate the results of an UNDEX response analysis of one and two idealized airbag inflators by comparison with the results of shock tests in a small water tank. This comparison was performed using the multi-material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation and fluid-structure interaction algorithm. The number, size, vertical distance from the nozzle outlet, detonation velocity, and lighting times of small TNT charges were determined. Through mesh size convergence tests, the UNDEX response analysis and idealized airbag inflator modeling were validated.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.251-278
• /
• 2008

In this study, we investigate the discontinuous-derivative treatment at the gas-liquid interface in underwater explosion (UNDEX) problems by using the Moving Least Squares-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (MLS-SPH) method, which is known as one of the particle methods suitable for problems where large deformation and inhomogeneity occur in the whole domain. Because the numerical oscillation of pressure arises from derivative discontinuity in the UNDEX analysis using the standard SPH method, the MLS shape function with Discontinuous-derivative Basis Function (DBF) that is able to represent the derivative discontinuity of field function is utilized in the MLS-SPH formulation in order to suppress the nonphysical pressure oscillation. The effectiveness of the MLS-SPH with DBF is demonstrated in comparison with the standard SPH and conventional MLS-SPH though a shock tube problem and benchmark standard problems of UNDEX of a trinitrotoluene (TNT) charge.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
• /
• 2001.11b
• /
• pp.761-765
• /
• 2001

Shock responses of the MIL-S-901D standard floating shock platform("SFSP") subject to underwater explosions(UNDEX) are analyzed by using the LS-DYNA/USA. For the analysis, surrounding fluids as well as the SFSP are included in a 3D FE model to consider the cavitation effects of the UNDEX shock wave. The calculated results are compared with the existing test results and it is confirmed that the analysis results predict accurately the shock behaviors of the SFSP.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.44 no.2 s.152
• /
• pp.148-153
• /
• 2007

Two typical impact loadings, shock wave and gas bubble pulse, due to UNDEX(UNDerwater EXplosion), should be considered together for the closest response analysis of structure subjected to UNDEX to a reality. Since these two impact loadings have different response time bands, however, their response characteristics of structure are different from each other. It is impossible to consider these effectively under the current computational environment and the mathematical model has not yet been developed. Whereas Hicks model approximates the fluid-structure interaction due to gas bubble pulse as virtual mass effect, treating the flow by the response of gas bubble after shock wave as incompressible ideal fluid contrary to the compressible flow due to shock wave, Geers-Hunter model could make the closest response analysis of structure under UNDEX to a real one as a mathematical model considering the fluid-structure interaction due to shock wave and gas bubble pulse together using acoustic wave theory and DAA(Doubly Asymptotic Approximation). In this study, the application and effectiveness of integrated dynamic response analysis of submerged structure was examined with the analysis of the shock wave and gas bubble pulse together.