• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1603-1609
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• 2006

To estimate undegraded intake protein (UIP) fraction in feeds and fodders, on the basis of their neutral detergent insoluble N content was studied. Samples of six feeds and forages were incubated in situ for a time equivalent to their mean retention time, estimated on the basis of their digestibility plus 10 h (to account for a lag in passage of particles from the rumen). The samples were incubated for 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the estimated total mean retention time. UIP value of leguminous forages, obtained from the fractional rates of degradation and passage, were highly correlated with those estimated from samples incubated for 75% of total mean retention time, while incubating the non-leguminous forages and groundnut cake for this point over estimate the UIP fraction.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.206-219
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to design the ideal student uniform for improving the university image which is related to ideal PR (Public Relations). The results of this study were as follows: Firstly, as for the matter of UIP(University Identity Program), the uniform must transfer the university image. Using the UIP symbol color, the uniform is harmonious with university environment, and should be properly expressed visual image of the university. Secondly, the symbol which expressed the tradition and the spirit of the university was the very important factor to transfer its unique university identity and image of the university in the uniform design. The symbol which comes from the character or textile prints of the university symbolic flower or animals should transfer the consistent and unique design of university identity. Thirdly, the uniform has to be designed considering of the fashion trend as well as the essential factors for the uniform, considering such as functional, beautiful, symbolic aspects. In designing the uniform, fashion trend should be considered to combine the students and the uniform users to be one. As mentioned above, the uniform design which is suggested on this study should be helpful for the improvement of the university status and the reinforcement of the university PR.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.547-554
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• 1994

This study was carried out in order to find out the soft tissue profile changes associated with maxillary incisor retraction in Angle's class I malocclusion patients. For this study fifty two female adult patients (Maximum Retraction Group 23, Minimum Retraction Group 29) who received orthodontic treatment were chosen. Following conclusions were obtained by analysing the changes of soft tissue and hard tissue before and after treatment. 1. When considering the mean changes of soft tissue and hard tissue, UP, LIP, Ls, Li (p<0.001), Point B, Si (p<0.01), Point A, Ss (p<0.05) were significant posterior movement in Maximum Retraction Group and UIP (p<0.001), LIP, Ls, Li (p<0.01), Point B, Si (p<0.05) were significant posterior movement in Minimum Retraction Group. 2. When considering the correlations between hard tissue and soft tissue changes, greater correlations were found in Minimum Retraction Group between UIP and Ls (p<0.01), Point A and Ss, UIP and Li, Point B and Si (p<0.05) than Minimum Retraction Group. 3. Correlations (p<0.01) were found between upper incisor retraction and posterior movement of the upper and lower lip in Thin Lip-Thickness Group, whereas no significant correlations were found in Thick Lip-Thickness Group. 4. Mean changes of the soft tissue thickness subsequent to incisor retraction were increased (p<0.01) in upper lip (Ls-Ls'), whereas no changes were found in lower lip.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.821-827
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of protected fat and heat-extruded soybean meal on the lactation performance of Holstein cows. Twenty-four cows, consisting of 20 lactating cows and 4 rumen-fistulated dry cows, were randomly allocated into four groups with 5 lactating cows and 1 fistulated cow in each group. A replicated 4${\times}$4 Latin square design with four 21 day periods, including 14 days of adaptation and 7 collection days within each period was employed. The experiment was a 2${\times}$2 arrangement, with or without heat-extruded soybean meal and protected fat inclusion. The dietary treatments consisted of supplements of (a) soybean meal (the control), (b) heat-extruded soybean meal, (c) protected fat, and (d) heat-extruded soybean meal and protected fat. The results showed that there were no significant differences in feed intake, milk yield, milk protein content, milk lactose content and body weight change between the dietary treatments. However, cows supplemented with protected fat showed a significantly increased (p<0.05) milk fat yield, 3.5% FCM and total solid yield. The increase in undegradable intake protein (UIP) via heat extruded soybean meal supplement significantly decreased the urea nitrogen concentration in the blood (p<0.05). Dietary fat inclusion significantly increased the blood cholesterol concentration (p<0.01) and decreased the ruminal pH value (p<0.01). Increased dietary UIP significantly decreased the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen (p<0.01), but did not significantly influence the pH and VFA molar percentage in the rumen. It appears that dietary protected fat inclusion could improve milk fat and solid content. Increased dietary undegradable intake protein through heat extruded soybean meal did not improve milk yield. But it could alleviate the adverse effect of decreased milk protein due to dietary fat supplementation. Increased UIP could also decrease the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen and plasma urea nitrogen concentration in the blood.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.540-549
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• 2001

연구배경 : 특발성 폐섬유화증 중 통상성 간질성 폐렴(Usual interstitial pneumonia)은 대부분 진행성으로 악화되는 매우 나쁜 질환이다. 조직학적으로 볼 때 상피하에 흩어져서 존재하는 fibroblastic foci에서 콜라겐 합성을 통한 폐 섬유화를 일으키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 fibroblastic foci와 폐기능을 포함한 임상적 지표 및 예후와의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 개흉 또는 흉강경을 통한 폐 생겸검사로 진단된 20명(남:여 13:7)을 대상으로 하여 폐 조직에서 fibroblastic foci의 양을 정량화 하였다. 결 과 : 1) Fibroblastic foci 양과, 폐기능검사, 동맥혈가스검사($AaDO_2$) 사이에는 유의한 상관관계가 없었으며, 기관지폐포 세척검사의 세포분획중 호중구 비율과는 의미있는 비례관계(p<0.05)가 있었다. 2) Fibroblastic foci/vol을 0.2를 기준으로 두 그룹으로 나누어 각 그룹간의 생존률, 폐기능검사, 기관판지폐포 세척검사의 세포분획비율의 차이를 비교한 결과 기판지폐포세척액의 호중구비율이 fibroblastic foci가 많은 군에서 의미있게 높았으며(p<0.05), 생존율, 폐기능점사등은 두 군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서는 fibroblasic foci가 UIP 환자의 예후 및 질환의 활성도를 나타내주는 지표로는 확실하지 않은 것으로 여겨지며, 추가로 좀더 많은 자료로 분석이 필요할 것으로 여겨진다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.447-455
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• 2006

연구배경: 특발성 폐섬유화증/통상형 간질성 폐렴은 특발성 간질성 폐렴 중 하나로 세포외 기질의 과도한 침착과 기저막 파괴를 통해 섬유모세포/ 근섬유모세포가 폐포 내로 이동하면서 발생하는 fibroblast foci가 대표적인 병리학적 현상이며, 결국 비가역적인 섬유화로 진행하는 질환이다. 이에 대하여 기질 분해효소인 MMPs와 그 길항체인 TIMPs의 과발현이 이러한 병태생리의 한 요인으로 설명되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 특발성 폐섬유화증/통상형 간질성 폐렴을 비롯, 비특이성 간질성 폐렴에서 MMPs와 TIMPs의 발현 양상을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 특발성 폐섬유화증/통상형 간질성 폐렴, 비특이성 간질성 폐렴의 폐 조직을 이용하여 MMP-1,-2,-9, TIMP-1, -2에 대한 면역조직화학염색 검사와 MMP-2, MMP-9에 대한 gelatin zymography를 시행하였다. 면역조직화학염색 검사는 통상형 간질성 폐렴 22, 비특이성 간질성 폐렴 13례 였으며, gelatin zymography는 통상형 간질성 폐 렴 9, 비특이성 간질성 폐렴 4례, 정상 대조군5례였다. 연구결과: 면역조직화학 염색 검사 결과 섬유모세포/근섬유모세포 부위에서 TIMP-1, -2, MMP-2,9이 관찰 되었고, 특히 통상형 간질성 폐렴에서 비특이성 간질성 폐렴보다 TIMP-2가 강하게 발현되었다. Gelatin zymography 결과는 MMP-2, MMP-9 모두 통상형 간질성 폐렴에서 비특이성 간질성 폐렴보다 유의하게 높은 소견을 보여 주었다. 결 론: 통상형 간질성 폐렴 에서 비특이성 간질성 폐렴보다 TIMP-2, MMP-2, MMP-9의 과발현을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 이는 통상형 간질성 폐렴의 비가역적인 섬유화 진행에 관여할 가능성이 있음을 추측해 볼 수 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.530-542
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• 2000

연구배경 : 특발성 폐섬유화증은 병리조직학 소견이 usual interstitial pneumonia(UIP)이면서 치료반응과 예후가 좋지 않은 질환이지만 1994년 처음 보고된 nonspecific interstitial pneumonia(NSIP)는 UIP와는 달리 치료반응 및 예후가 매우 좋아 정확한 감별 진단 및 적극적인 치료가 필요하지만 아직 특발성 NSIP의 임상적 특징 및 치료경과에 대한 보고가 별로 없어 UIP와의 감별이 쉽지 않은 실정이다. 방 법 : 1996년 7월부터 2000년 3월까지 성균관의대 삼성서울병원에서 외과적 폐생검을 통해 미만성 간질성 폐질환으로 확진된 120명 중 총 18례의 특발성 NSIP에 대한 임상적 특징 및 치료 경과를 의무기록 조사 및 방사선학적 분석을 통해 후향적으로 평가하였다. 결 과 : 1) 진단당시의 임상적 특징 18명의 환자중 17명이 여자였고 평균 연령은 $55.2{\pm}8.4$세(44~73세)였으며 호흡곤란 및 기침 이외에 발열이 6명의 환자에서 판정되었다. 이학적검사상 곤봉지는 1명에서만 관찰되었고 증상 발현후 병원을 찾기까지의 기간은 $7.3{\pm}16.9$개월, 외과적 폐생검까지의 기간은 $9.9{\pm}17.1$개월이었다. BAL 검사상 림프구가 $23.0{\pm}13.1%$로 증가되어 있었고 흉부 HRCT 소견상 봉와양 음영은 전혀 관찰되지 않으면서 간유리 음영 및 불규칙 선상 음영이 주로 관찰되었다. 2) 치료약제 및 부작용 13명이 스테로이드로 먼저 치료를 시작하였고 5명은 경구 cyclophosphamide 단독으로 치료를 시작하였다. 스테로이드로 치료를 시작한 13명 종 3명은 치료개시 1달 이내에 심각한 부작용으로 스테로이드 복용을 중단하여 2명은 경구 cyclophosphamide로 전환하여 치료를 계속할 수 있었으나 스테로이드 유발성 정신병이 유발된 1명은 향후 모든 치료를 포기하였다. 스테로이드로 치료를 계속 받은 10명에서는 대상포진 3례, 백내장 2례, 결핵 1례, 대퇴골 허혈 괴사 1례, 당뇨 1례 등이 유발되었고 7명의 경구 cyclophosphamide 복용 환자에서는 출혈성 방광염 1례, 대상포진 1례, 반복성 질염 1례 등이 부작용으로 나타났다. 3) 약물 치료후 반응 치료 시작후 $24.1{\pm}11.2$개월간 추적 관찰한 결과, 스테로이드를 복용한 10명 중 9명이 호전, 1명이 안정 상태를 보였고 경구 cyclophosphamide를 복용한 7명에서는 5명이 호전, 2명이 안전 상태를 보였다. 폐기능검사상 FVC(n=15)는 예측치 절대값으로 $20.2{\pm}11.2%$가 증가하였고 흉부 HRCT 소견상 간유리 음영의 면적(n=15)은 절대값으로 $15.7{\pm}14.7%$가 감소하였으며 추적검사상 봉와양 음영이 나타난 환자는 전혀 없었다. 4) 약물 치료 중단후 재발 호전후 약물 치료를 중단하였던 14명 중 5명이 재발하였고 2명은 스테로이드 감량중 악화되었다. 재발한 4명은 치료 중단 6개월 이내에, 1명은 10개월째에 재발하였고 치료 중단 1년내에 재발이 없었던 4명의 환자는 이후에도 재발의 증거가 전혀 없었다. 추적 관찰 기간($24.1{\pm}11.2$개월)중에 사망한 환자는 1명도 없었다. 결 론 : NSIP는 뚜렷한 임상적 특징과 좋은 치료 반응을 보이므로 예후가 좋지 않은 UIP와 적극적으로 감별하여 치료를 시행해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1125-1128
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• 2001

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of feeding undegradable intake protein (VIP) on body weight changes and the return to estrus of Awassi ewes during the early postpartum period. Twenty multiparous Awassi ewes $(BW=57.4{\pm}3.0kg)$ were randomly assigned to two dietary treatment (10 ewes per treatment) for 4 weeks in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and were formulated to contain either 20% (CON) or 35% (SBM) of the dietary CP as UIP. On day $9{\pm}3$ postpartum (day 0=parturition) ewes were housed in individual pens. Feed intake was recorded daily. Dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), crude protein intake (CPI), undegradable protein intake (UPI) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) were higher (p<0.05) for ewes on SBM diets compared with ewes on CON diet. Ewes receiving SBM diet gained more (p<0.05) weight than the controls (5.3 vs 0.5 kg). There was a tendency (p>0.10) for SBM ewes to have more luteal activity than the controls. Ewes in the SBM group came into estrus 4 days earlier than CON ewes (p<0.10). These results indicate that Awassi ewes receiving adequate nutrition are capable of returning to estrus one month postpartum thus posing the possibility of being able to lamb every 6 months.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.281-290
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• 2021

Objective: To assess the performance of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) of chest CT for diffuse interstitial lung disease (DILD). Materials and Methods: The database was comprised by 246 pairs of chest CTs (initial and follow-up CTs within two years) from 246 patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP, n = 100), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP, n = 101), and cryptogenic organic pneumonia (COP, n = 45). Sixty cases (30-UIP, 20-NSIP, and 10-COP) were selected as the queries. The CBIR retrieved five similar CTs as a query from the database by comparing six image patterns (honeycombing, reticular opacity, emphysema, ground-glass opacity, consolidation and normal lung) of DILD, which were automatically quantified and classified by a convolutional neural network. We assessed the rates of retrieving the same pairs of query CTs, and the number of CTs with the same disease class as query CTs in top 1-5 retrievals. Chest radiologists evaluated the similarity between retrieved CTs and queries using a 5-scale grading system (5-almost identical; 4-same disease; 3-likelihood of same disease is half; 2-likely different; and 1-different disease). Results: The rate of retrieving the same pairs of query CTs in top 1 retrieval was 61.7% (37/60) and in top 1-5 retrievals was 81.7% (49/60). The CBIR retrieved the same pairs of query CTs more in UIP compared to NSIP and COP (p = 0.008 and 0.002). On average, it retrieved 4.17 of five similar CTs from the same disease class. Radiologists rated 71.3% to 73.0% of the retrieved CTs with a similarity score of 4 or 5. Conclusion: The proposed CBIR system showed good performance for retrieving chest CTs showing similar patterns for DILD.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.1097-1102
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• 2009

Classification of subjects with unknown distribution in small sample size setup may involve order-restricted constraints in multivariate parameter setups. Those problems makes optimality of conventional likelihood ratio based statistical inferences not feasible. Fortunately, Roy (1953) introduced union-intersection principle(UIP) which provides an alternative avenue. Redescending M-estimator along with that principle yields a considerably appropriate robust testing procedure. Furthermore, conditionally distribution-free test based upon exact permutation theory is used to generate p-values, even in small sample. Applications of this method are illustrated in simulated data and read data example (Lobenhofer et al., 2002)