• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2001

The study investigated the effects of protein concentration, EGTA and strength of hydrostatic pressure on pH, viscosity and turbidity for ultra filtrated skim milk retentates. The results showed that hydrostatic pressure treatments up to 600 MPa did not affect the viscosity of skim milk, while the turbidity of skim milk increased at higher than 200 MPa. Addition of EGTA caused reduction in turbidity of skim milk, two times (2SR) and three times (3SR) concentrated skim milk retentates. Viscosity for 2SR and 3SR increased proportionally to the amount of EGTA, but viscosity of skim milk was not influenced by EGTA. High pressure treatment also did not cause any difference in viscosity and turbidity of skim milk. However, this treatment decreased viscosity and turbidity for 2SR and 3SR. In particular, 200 MPa treatment showed to induce a higher decrease in turbidity compared with 400 MPa.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2012

This study analysis the effect of various temperatures (20, 35 and $50^{\circ}C$) on the formaldehyde emission from wood composites, which were particleboard (PB), medium density fiberboard (MDF), high density fiberboard (HDF) and laminated HDF (L-HDF) by Japanese desiccator method. Also, to reduce formaldehyde emission by wood composites, it has been suggested that undergo a bake-out conditions. On average, the level of formaldehyde emission increased many times with a $15^{\circ}C$ increase in temperature from 20 to $35^{\circ}C$ for PB, MDF, HDF and L-HDF, respectively. Formaldehyde emissions from wood composites could be expected to increase with increasing ambient temperature. At $35$ for 28 days bake-out treatment of boards, the free formaldehyde emission reduced 67.8% (PB), 40.1% (MDF), 37.8% (HDF), and 35.2% (L-HDF). On the other hand, after the bake-out at $50^{\circ}C$ for 28 days, the formaldehyde concentration decreased by 88.2, 66.9, 62.2 and 59.3% of the concentration before the bake-out for PB, MDF, HDF and L-HDF, respectively. An interesting of the bake-out treatment at $50^{\circ}C$ after 14 days, formaldehyde emission grade of PB & MDF down $E_2$ to $E_1$, and HDF & L-HDF down $E_1$ to $E_0$.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1998년도 제6회 하계 Workshop (98 한국막학회, 국립환경연구원 국제 Workshop, 수자원 보전과 막분리 공정)
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• pp.113-133
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• 1998

In activated sludge process, sludge settling condition is affected by organic loading rate or operation condition, and if settling condition is getting worse, it is common that overall process fails due to wash-out of biomass causing low concentration in the aeration tank. Also activated sludge process has such several problems as requiring large area, consuming a lot of power and producing large volume of sludge. Increased public concern over health and the environment combined with a strong desire to reduce capital, operating and maintenance costs, have created a need for innovative technologies for building new high quality effluents which vail meet 21st century crkeria. MBR(Membrane Bioreactor) process consists of a biological reactor and ultrafiltration(UF) membrane system that replaces the conventional clarifier of an activated sludge process. The main operating advantages of this system are that the quality of the effluent is independent of the settleability of the mixed liquor and that the effluent is free of suspended solids in any operating condition. It is possible to eliminate clarifier and to reduce the volume of aeration tank because it can afford to accumulate high biomass concentration in the bioreactor(20, 000~30, 000mg/L), which would not be possible in a conventional activated sludge process. Therefore, this process reduces overall treatment plant area. In addition to those advantages, Longer SRT condition enables higher sludge digestion in MBR process so the sludge volume produced is 50 to 70% lower than that of conventional activated sludge process There are two kinds of MBR process according to the allocations of membrane. One is cross flow type MBR of which module is located outside of the bioreactor and mixed liquor is driven into the membrane module. The other is submerged type MBR process of which module is submerged in the bioreactor and mixed liquor is generally sucked from the lumen side. addition to that the cake layer is often removed by the uplifting flow of bubbling air. A submerged MBR process is superior to a crossflow MBR in regard to the power consumption because suction pressure of a submerged MBR is generally lower than that of a crossflow MBR which has recirculation pump. A submerged MBR, therefore, has the potential to be applied to small wastewater treatment plants that need low cost treatment systems.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.225-235
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• 2015

During low-pressure membrane treatments of cyanobacterial cells, including microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF), there have reportedly been releases of intracellular compounds including cyanotoxins and compounds with an earthy-musty odor into the water, probably owing to cyanobacterial cell breakage retained on the membrane. However, to our knowledge, no information was reported regarding the effect of growth phase of cyanobacterial cells on the release of the intracellular compounds. In the present study, we used a geosmin-producing cyanobacterium, Anabaena smithii, to investigate the effect of the growth phase of the cyanobacterium on the release of intracellular geosmin during laboratory-scale MF experiments with the cells in either the logarithmic growth or stationary phase. Separate detection of damaged and intact cells revealed that the extent of cell breakage on the MF membrane was almost the same for logarithmic growth and stationary phase cells. However, whereas the geosmin concentration in the MF permeate increased after 3 h of filtration with cells in the logarithmic growth phase, it did not increase during filtration with cells in the stationary phase: the trend in the geosmin concentration in the MF permeate with time was much different between the logarithmic growth and stationary phases. Adsorption of geosmin to algogenic organic matter (AOM) retained on the MF membrane and/or pore blocking with the AOM were greater when the cells were in the stationary phase versus the logarithmic growth phase, the result being a decrease in the apparent release of intracellular geosmin from the stationary phase cells. In actual drinking water treatment plants employing membrane processes, more attention should be paid to the cyanobacterial cells in logarithmic growth phase than in stationary phase from a viewpoint of preventing the leakage of intracellular earthy-musty odor compounds to finished water.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.55-70
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• 2016

Microfiltration/ultrafiltration (MF/UF) Adsorptive polyamide-6 (PA-6) membranes were prepared using wet phase inversion process. The prepared PA-6 membranes are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), porosity and swelling degree. In this study, the membranes performance has examined by adsorptive removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions in a batch adsorption mode. The $PA-6/H_2O$ membranes display sponge like and highly porous structures, with porosities of 41-73%. Under the conditions examined, the adsorption experiments have showed that the $PA-6/H_2O$ membranes had a good adsorption capacity (up to 120-280 mg/g at the initial copper ion concentration ($C_0$) = 680 mg/L, pH7), fast adsorption rates and short adsorption equilibrium times (less than 1.5-2 hrs) for copper ions. The fast adsorption in this study may be attributed to the high porosities and large pore sizes of the $PA-6/H_2O$ membranes, which have facilitated the transport of copper ions to the adsorption. The results obtained from the study illustrated that the copper ions which have adsorbed on the polyamide membranes can be effectively desorbed in an Ethylene dinitrilotetra acetic acid Di sodium salt ($Na_2$ EDTA) solution from initial concentration (up to 92% desorption efficiency) and the PA-6 membranes can be reused almost without loss of the adsorption capacity for copper ions. The results obtained from the study suggested that the $PA-6/H_2O$ membranes can be effectively applied for the adsorptive removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2012

Objectives: This study developed a harmonized method for risk assessment based on the Hazard & Risk Evaluation of Chemicals (HREC) according to the Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA). Methods: Three preliminary studies, performed during 2010 and 2011 by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute and three academic research groups, were compared. The differences in risk assessment, especially in the dose-response assessment method, were analyzed. A new harmonized method for dose-response assessment was suggested and its applicability for the HREC was examined. Results: Considering the various steps of each dose-response assessment, the equivalent steps in quantitative correction, uncertainty factor 2 (UF2) for intra-species uncertainty, and UF3 for the experimental period in the uncertainty correction were relatively high. Using our new method, the total correction values (quantitative correction plus uncertainty correction) ranged from 72~15,789 to 30~60, and the ratio of the threshold limit value (TLV) to the reference concentration decreased from 12.8~1900 to 5.4~11.8. Furthermore, when we performed risk characterization by our new method, hazard quotient (HQ) values for chloroethylene, epichlorohydrin, and barium sulfate became 3.0, 14.1, and 1.13 respectively, whereas three previous studies reported HQ values of 7.1, 4580, and 87.3 considering reasonable maximum exposure (RME) conditions. HQs of the three chemicals were calculated to be 0.6, 2.4, and 0.1 respectively, when compared to their TLVs. Conclusions: Our new method could be applicable for the HREC because the total correction values and the ratio of TLVs were within reasonable ranges. It is also recommended that additional risk management measures be applied for epichlorohydrin, for which the HQ values were greater than 1 when compared with both reference values and the TLV. Our proposed method could be used to harmonize dose-response assessment methods for the implementation of risk assessment based on the HREC according to ISHA.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2005

난황 단백질의 효소에 의한 가수분해에서 에탄올의 농도가 증가할수록 고형물과 단백질의 회수가 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 이것은 유화층을 에탄올의 증가가 감소시켰기 때문이다. 그러나 가수분해물에서 단백질 함량이나 sialic acid의 함량은 에탄을 농도와는 관계없이 일정하였다. 한외여과 후에 retentate에 대한 에탄올의 영향을 조사하였다. 마찬가지로 고형물의 회수는 에탄을 농도의 증가와 함께 증가하였다. 그리고 retentate에서 sialic acid의 함량은 대략 $2.5\%$정도로 일정하고 에탄올의 농도에 영향을 받지 않았다 이상의 결과로부터 난황 단백질의 효소 가수분해를 통해 sialic acid가 함유된 제품을 얻고자 할 때는 원료 난황단백질에 포함된 에탄올의 함량을 증가시킬수록 높은 수율의 제품을 얻을 수 있다. 본 실험에서는 원료 난황 단백질 중에서 $40\%$의 에탄을 함량까지는 제품 수율이 계속 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 난황 단백질 가수분해물의 한외여과에서 농축단계에서는 막 모듈의 MWCO의 차이에도 불구하고 retentate에서 총 고형물의 회수율은 비슷함을 나타내었으며, 투석에서 회수율은 MWCO가 작을수록 높아지지는 않았다. 제품에서의 sialic acid의 함량은 사용한 모듈에서 약 $2.0\%$를 나타내었다. 이것은 단백질 가수분해물에 비해 5배정도 상승한 결과이다. 본 연구에서 사용된 막 모듈 가운데서 Amicon 모듈이 제품의 회수율과 함량면에서 가장 우수한 특성을 보였다. 결론적으로 난황 단백질의 protease에 의한 가수분해에서 한외여과에 의해 순도를 높일 때 MWCO, 막 모듈의 type 그리고 운전조건 등을 잘 고려해 줄 때 최적의 조업조건을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2012

정수처리용 세라믹 한외여과 및 광촉매의 혼성공정에서 주기적 질소 역세척 시 휴믹산 농도의 영향을 알아보고, 막오염에 의한 저항($R_f$) 및 투과선속(J), 총여과부피($V_T$) 측면에서 물 역세척의 기존 결과와 비교 고찰하였다. 휴믹산 농도가 낮아질수록 $R_f$는 급격히 감소하고 J는 증가하여, 휴믹산 농도 2 mg/L에서 $V_T$는 가장 높았다. 휴믹산 농도가 2에서 10 mg/L로 높아졌을 때, 180분 운전 후 막오염 저항($R_{f,180}$)은 물 역세척 시 $R_{f,180}$값보다 0.8배 더 증가하였다. 따라서 물 역세척보다 질소 역세척 시 막오염이 휴믹산 농도의 영향을 더 크게 받는다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 탁도 처리효율은 휴믹산 농도와 무관하게 거의 일정하였으나, 휴믹산 처리효율은 휴믹산 2 mg/L에서 최대였다. 이것은 질소 역세척 시 휴믹산 2 mg/L에서 광촉매 구의 흡착과 광산화로 휴믹산이 가장 효과적으로 제거되지만, 4 mg/L에서는 광촉매 구만으로 역부족인 것으로 판단된다. 휴믹산 6 mg/L 이상에서는 막표면의 두꺼운 케이크 층과 심화된 내부 막오염으로, 휴믹산이 한외여과막에 의해 효과적으로 제거된 것이다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.27-51
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• 2013

During cleaning steps, ultrafiltration membranes are mechanically and chemically stressed. This may result in membrane degradations and failures. In this paper, polysulfone membranes were used to evaluate membrane deteriorations by commercial detergents in static conditions. Ageing of the membrane was simulated by immersing samples in solutions containing commercial detergents with various concentrations, temperatures and times defined by experimental designs. Indeed, an innovative approach in the chemical membranes ageing researches, based on methodological tools, was used in order to achieve significant ageing experiments without using an accelerated ageing protocol. The macroscopic changes were monitored by permeability measurements and mechanical strength tests coupled with a microscopic characterization by ATR-FTIR and HRSEM. The present work details results obtained for three commercial detergents: an alkaline, an acidic and an enzymatic detergent. It was found that the detergents used in the industrial advised conditions (concentration, temperature and time of contact) were not detrimental for membrane properties (permeability and elongation at break) and so for the quality of the produced water. Over the industrial cumulated time of contact, different ageing effects can be observed and compared with the ones induced by NaOCl.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.261-272
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• 2013

Algae boom (Red tide) in south coastal area of Korea has been appeared several times during a decade. If algae boom appears in the desalination plant, media filter and UF filter are clogged quickly, and the plant should be shutdown. In general, Algae can be removed from water by flotation better than by sedimentation, because of the low density of algal cell. The purpose of this study conducts the CFD simulation of DAF flotation basin to apply the design of the dissolved air flotation with ball filter in the Test Bed for SWRO desalination plant. In this study, Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model was applied to simulate the behavior of air bubbles and seawater. Density difference model and gravity were used. But de-sludge process and mass transfer between air bubbles and seawater were ignored. Main parameter is hydraulic loading rate which is varied from 20 m/hr to 27.5 m/hr. Geometry of flotation basin were changed to improve the DAF performance. According to the result of this study, the increase of hydraulic loading rate causes that the flow in the separation basin is widely affected and the concentration of air is increased. The flow pattern in the contact zone of flotation basin is greatly affected by the location of nozzle header. When the nozzle header was installed not the bottom of the contact zone but the above, the opportunity of contact between influent and recycle flow was increased.