• 무역학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.177-191
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• 2019

Global trade protectionism has increased further and U.S. priorities and protectionism have strengthened since Trump took office in 2017. Trump administration is actively implementing tariff measures based on U.S. domestic trade laws rather than the WTO rules and regulations. In particular, the American government has recently been imposing high tariffs due to national security and imposing economic sanctions on other countries' imports. According to the U.S. Trade Expansion Act Section 232, the American government imposed additional tariffs on steel and aluminum imports to WTO member countries such as China, India, and EU etc. on march 15, 2018. Thus, this study aims to investigate whether the U.S. Trade Expansion Act Section 232 is consistent with GATT/WTO rules by comparing the legal basis of US / China / WTO regulations related to Section 232 of the U.S. Trade Expansion Act, and gives some suggestions for responding to the Section 232 measure. As the Section 232 measure exceeded the scope of GATT's Security Exceptions regulation and is very likely to be understood as a safeguard measure. If so, the American government is deemed to be in breach of WTO's regulations, such as the most-favored-nation treatment obligations and the duty reduction obligations. In addition, American government is deemed to be failed to meet the conditions of initiation of safeguard measure and violated the procedural requirements such as notification and consultation. In order to respond to these U.S. protection trade measures, all affected countries should actively use the WTO multilateral system to prevent unfair measures. Also, it is necessary to revise the standard jurisdiction of the dispute settlement body and to explore the balance of the WTO Exception clause so that it can be applied strictly. Finally, it would be necessary for Chinese exporters to take a counter-strategy under such trade pressure.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1989

The U.S. response to increased international competition was examined in the present study in order to have more comprehensive understanding of the U.S. textile and clothing market. The method employed to conduct the study was the analysis of the written materials, interview with professionals, and the survey of the actual situations of the U.S. textile and apparel industries. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Official U.S. textile and apparel trade policy has been quite has been quite protective since 1950's. The protective trend has been embodied in Japan Cotton Textile Export Control (reciprocal trade agreement signed by the U.S. and Japan in 1957), Short Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Long Term Cotton Textile Arrangement (1962∼1973), and Multi-fiber Arrangement (1974∼). Other governmental programs designed to improve the competitiveness of the U.S. textile and apparel industries include Long-term Textile and Apparel Products Export-expansion Program, and 807 Trade to take labor cost advantage. 2. Along with the quite protective governmental trade policy, the corporate responses have been made such as new sourcing mixes, investment in technology, specialization in the textile and apparel industries, and recent strategies pursued by retailer's. The apparel industry was subject to pressure from imports that increased at moderate levels, and the U.S. textile and apparel industries have made extensive efforts to adjust to the increasing competition from abroad. The textile and apparel industries have taken steps to increase labor productivity through automation, to speed management to create and introduce new products and new methods, and have lowered indirect overhead costs. Several industrywide promotion campaigns have attempted to establish a greater public awareness of international competition and to develop a preference for apparel produced in the United States. 3. Regarding these response of the U.S. and other situations of world textile and apparel trade market, much of the sense of crisis that pervades Korean textile and apparel industries has to do with the problem of adjusting government and corporate policy. Textile and apparel industry of Korea faces on going pressure to reduce costs, improve quality, increase service, develop new markets, diversify, and differentiate itself from its foreign competitors. The strategies that have been adopted in the past have generally worked in the past, but the time has come to adopt strategies that reflect present conditions. If this is not done, then we stand to lose large segments of these industries, which once lost will not easily be regenerated.

• 무역학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.25-45
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• 2018

본 논문은 미국의 통상압력에 따른 국내 자동차산업의 수출손실 및 경제적 파급효과를 추정한다. 2010년~2017년 사이 HS 6단위 관세 및 수출자료를 이용하여 미국의 관세변화에 따른 대미 자동차수출 탄력성을 포아송 가성 최우추정기법을 적용하여 추정한다. 세 가지 통상압력 시나리오별로 대미 수출손실을 추정한 후 산업연관분석에 기반한 관세누적모형을 적용하여 국내 생산, 부가가치 및 고용에 미치는 영향을 추정한다. 분석결과 미국의 글로벌 관세율 25% 부과시 국내 경제 파급효과는 2019년~2023년 사이 5년간 수출손실 최대 308억 달러, 일자리손실 약 30만개, 생산유발손실 88.0조원, 부가가치유발손실 24.0조원으로 추정되었다. 자동차관세의 양허철회시 수출손실은 42.7억 달러, 일자리 손실은 4만 1천 7백여 명으로 추정되었다. 자동차부품에 대해 세이프가드 15% 관세율 적용시 3년간 대미 수출손실은 19.3억 달러, 일자리 손실은 1만 8천 7백여 명에 이를 것으로 추정되었다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.75-91
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• 2021

최근 제4차산업 혁명의 적용으로 물류비 절감을 위한 공급사슬 측면의 경쟁이 더욱 치열해지면서 항만전문가들은 효율적인 항만운영 비즈니스모델을 개발에 관심이 집중되어 있다. 본 연구는 세계 여러 항만 중 미국 항만 물류량이 많은 항만을 분석하여 적용 모델을 구성하고자 한다. 본 연구는 주로 미국 항만의 생산성을 연구하기 위해 DEA(Data Enclapment Analysis) 기법을 사용하였으며 미국 항만 운영의 성장 동력을 추가 조사하기 위해 Simar & Wilson(2007)이 제안한 이중 부트스트래핑 DEA 알고리즘을 적용했다. 본 연구에 사용된 외부 변수는 항만의 길이, 항만의 심도, 위치, 면적, 에이커, 외화 비율 및 TEUChange에 포함되며, 이 중 항만의 길이, 에이커, 외화 비율 및 TEUChange에 유의했다. 최적 방법론 선택의 효과를 평가하기 위해 관측 중단 모형(Tobit)을 적용하여 동일한 분석을 수행하고 서로 다른 두 기법에서 도출된 결과를 대조하였다. 본 연구에서 얻은 결과를 바탕으로 경영상의 시사점을 제안하고 결론을 도출하였다.