• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.55 no.2
• /
• pp.214-230
• /
• 2022

This paper discusses the characteristics and background of the production of white porcelain with the "Byeol(別)" inscription. Such porcelain was produced by the government-run porcelain kiln, Gwanyo(官窯), in the 16th and 17th centuries (from the 1560s to the 1640s), during the Joseon dynasty. The white porcelain ware, inscribed with either the term Byeol or "jwa(左)" and "u(右)," constituted a dual production system of white porcelain by Gwanyo starting in the 1560s. However, to date, few studies have examined Byeol-inscribed white porcelain. This, therefore, makes it difficult to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of inscriptions on the white porcelain produced by Gwanyo in the 15th to 17th centuries. Besides a regular annual stock of porcelain(年例進上磁器), Gwanyo also produced and supplied additional porcelain ware, or Byeol-gi, at the behest of the royal family or the court of Joseon. Byeol-inscribed white porcelain is a form of Byeol-gi, produced through extra firing, or Byeolbeon(別燔). According to use, Byeol-gi can be categorized as an item for national use(國用) or an item for internal use(內用). However, if the porcelain only carries the "Byeol(別)" inscription, it is difficult to identify its characteristics. Furthermore, as part of the annual production of porcelain was for the supply of Byeol-gi, and then for other purposes, the white porcelain came to be inscribed with dots indicating a change in ownership. In the 16th century, the royal family increased its consumption of white porcelain based on Shinyu Gongan(辛酉貢案), the government's fiscal reform measures. To guarantee a stable supply of exceptional Byeol-gi in light of Gwanyo's decline in the 1560s, the royal family benefited from the inscription of "Byeol." The white porcelain produced by Gwanyo was divided into annual offerings-those with the inscriptions "jwa(左)" and "u(右)"-and Byeol-gi, those with the inscription of "Byeol." They were managed separately from the commencement of production. Byeol-inscribed white porcelain was produced until the 1640s. During the mid-and late 1640s, Byeolbeon was temporarily suspended. Starting in the 1650s, the white clay used to produce the annual stock of white porcelain was sourced from regions other than those providing the clay for Byeol-gi production. The former used clay from Wonju(原州土) and Seosan(瑞山土), while the latter used clay from Gyeongju(慶州土) and Seoncheon(宣川土). According to the literature, the clay from Gyeongju and Seoncheon was much cleaner than that from Wonju and Seosan. Byeolbeon thus underwent a transformation, whereby production was separately managed, right from the stage of white clay mining. Ultimately, the need for the separate management of Byeol-gi through inscriptions diminished, resulting in the disappearance of Byeol-inscribed white porcelain.

• Strategy21
• /
• s.46
• /
• pp.239-276
• /
• 2020

The failure of early economic sanctions aimed at hurting the overall economies of targeted states called for a more sophisticated design of economic sanctions. This paved way for the advent of 'smart sanctions,' which target the supporters of the regime instead of the public mass. Despite controversies over the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a coercive tool to change the behavior of a targeted state, the transformation from 'comprehensive sanctions' to 'smart sanctions' is gaining the status of a legitimate method to impose punishment on states that do not conform to international norms, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in this particular context of the paper. The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council proved that it can come to an accord on imposing economic sanctions over adopting resolutions on waging military war with targeted states. The North Korean nuclear issue has been the biggest security threat to countries in the region, even for China out of fear that further developments of nuclear weapons in North Korea might lead to a 'domino-effect,' leading to nuclear proliferation in the Northeast Asia region. Economic sanctions had been adopted by the UNSC as early as 2006 after the first North Korean nuclear test and has continually strengthened sanctions measures at each stage of North Korean weapons development. While dubious of the effectiveness of early sanctions on North Korea, recent sanctions that limit North Korea's exports of coal and imports of oil seem to have an impact on the regime, inducing Kim Jong-un to commit to peaceful talks since 2018. The purpose of this paper is to add a variable to the factors determining the success of economic sanctions on North Korea: preventing North Korea's evasion efforts by conducting illegal transshipments at sea. I first analyze the cause of recent success in the economic sanctions that led Kim Jong-un to engage in talks and add the maritime element to the argument. There are three conditions for the success of the sanctions regime, and they are: (1) smart sanctions, targeting commodities and support groups (elites) vital to regime survival., (2) China's faithful participation in the sanctions regime, and finally, (3) preventing North Korea's maritime evasion efforts.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.80-87
• /
• 2009

Phase transformation, superelastic characteristics and variation of surface residual stress were studied for Nitinol shape memory alloy through application of UNSM technology, and life extension methods of stent were also studied by using elastic resilience and corrosion resistance. Nitinol wire of ${\phi}1.778$ mm showed similar surface roughness before and after UNSM treatment, but drawing traces and micro defects were all removed by UNSM treatment. It also changed the surface residual stress from tensile to compressive values, and XRD result showed less intensive austenite peak and clear martensite and additional R-phase peaks after UNSM treatment. Fatigue resistance could be greatly improved through removal of surface defects and rearrangement of surface residual stress from tensile to compressive state, and development of surface modification system to improve not only bio-compatability but also resistance to corrosion and wear will make it possible to develop vascular stent which can be used for circulating system diseases which run first cause of death of recent Koreans.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.225-237
• /
• 1998

Purpose: We investigated the statistical methods to compose the functional brain map of human working memory and the principal factors that have an effect on the methods for localization. Materials and Methods: Repeated PET scans with successive four tasks, which consist of one control and three different activation tasks, were performed on six right-handed normal volunteers for 2 minutes after bolus injections of 925 MBq $H_2^{15}O$ at the intervals of 30 minutes. Image data were analyzed using SPM96 (Statistical Parametric Mapping) implemented with Matlab (Mathworks Inc., U.S.A.). Images from the same subject were spatially registered and were normalized using linear and nonlinear transformation methods. Significant difference between control and each activation state was estimated at every voxel based on the general linear model. Differences of global counts were removed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with global activity as covariate. Using the mean and variance for each condition which was adjusted using ANCOVA, t-statistics was performed on every voxel To interpret the results more easily, t-values were transformed to the standard Gaussian distribution (Z-score). Results: All the subjects carried out the activation and control tests successfully. Average rate of correct answers was 95%. The numbers of activated blobs were 4 for verbal memory I, 9 for verbal memory II, 9 for visual memory, and 6 for conjunctive activation of these three tasks. The verbal working memory activates predominantly left-sided structures, and the visual memory activates the right hemisphere. Conclusion: We conclude that rCBF PET imaging and statistical parametric mapping method were useful in the localization of the brain regions for verbal and visual working memory.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.145-151
• /
• 1996

Pathways both mediated by and independent of transferrin(Tf) and the TfR have been described for the accumulation of iron. Although it is not clear whether the same systems take up iron and gallium, these pathways may suggest the contention that uptake of Ga-67 can, in fact, occur by both Tf-independent and Tf-dependent systems and may share with Fe-59 in part the same mechanism for uptake. The predominant system by which uptake of both radiometals occurs may be different in the degree of the transformation of tumor. Transformed(MMSV/3T3) and untransformed(BALB/3T3) cells were incubated with luM of Ga-67-citrate of Fe-59-chloride for 15 min. at $37^{\circ}C$ in either the presence or absence of Tf. After then, the monolayers were washed with HBSS or PBS, and the cells were solubilized in 1% SDS for gamma well counting and protein determinations. There were similarities, as well as differences, in the pattern of uptake of Fe-59 and Ga-67 presented both in ionic from and as bound to Tf. Both radiometals appeared gain to cells in either ionic or Tf-bound forms. Transformed cells appeared to accumulate more radiometal, either Ga-67 or Fe-59 in the presence of Tf than do the their untransforemd counterparts. Conversly the presentation of either radiometal in ionic form resulted in significantly greater accumulation of metal by the untransformed cells than those transformed. The efficiency for uptake of Ga-67 or Fe-59 in the absence of Tf was greater than for uptake of the Ga-Tf or Fe-Tf. However, the magnitude of difference in efficiency of uptake was greater for Fe-59(10-fold) than for Ga-67 (3-fold). Our results Supports the theory that both Tf-independent and Tf-dependent systems for the uptake of Ga-67 both systems operate oppositely between transformed cells and those untransformed, with uptake by the predominating in transformed cells by the Tf-mediated system and in untransformed cells by the Tf-independent. The uptake of Ga-67 by tumor may share with Fe-59 in part the same mechanism.

• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.3-27
• /
• 2018

This paper analyzes Cuba's market-oriented reforms to alleviate essential problems with socialist countries such as soft budget constraints and incentive problems. It also discuss about effectiveness of industrial policy as a development strategy. The soft budget constraints and incentive problems resulted in the collapse of Soviet bloc and COMECON in early 1990s. After the collapse, Cuban economy suffered a steep dive, and national income tumbling down rapidly. Cuban faced serious shortages of food, gasoline, and other basic necessities of life. To halt and partially reverse economic downturn and dire austerity in the 1990's, the Cuban government made some partial reforms to the inherited Soviet system of cental planningand faced severe shortage in food, energy, and daily necessities. In response to the economic crisis. Cuba introduced economic reforms and implemented industrial policy as a development strategy as long as Cuba maintained a strong socialist country. Cuban government established the economic free zone law and attempted to induce foreign direct investment by implementing export-led industrial policy. Fiedel Castro approved the Law No. 165 "Free Zones and Industrial Parks", in 1996. However, Cuba's ESZ strategy seems to have failed because of the U.S. sanctions, but also because of Cuba's own policies, which do not allow foreign investors to hire workers directly and impose a high implicit tax on wages. By limiting advanced techniques of personnel and organization management, indirect employment can result in lowering work efforts and productivity of workers, and aggravating production efficiency in the ESZs. Another reason to fail comes from the double wage structure due to the double monetary-exchange rate system. Most of the high non-wage costs result from the double exchange rate system. Due to Cuba's imbalanced industry and production structures, concentrated labor force, and urbanization and centralization of agriculture production, the industrial transformation development model suggested by Lewis has not been successful unlike other Asian agriculture-led development model. Cuba has to overcome many difficulties in implementing industrial policy as a development strategy.