• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2012

The main purpose of this study is to present practical data for the development of the health enhancing programs for the dental hygiene students. This data is based on the investigation of the psychosomatic self-reported symptoms of the dental hygiene students. Out of the random selection of the current dental hygiene students in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do districts. We conducted a survey and analyzed the collected data from 432 respondents. The results are as follows: 1. The mental appeals (19.37) were higher then the physical appeals (17.53) and of the items in psychosomatic symptoms, the point of mental instability the highest (21.85); whereas, that of mouth and anal scored the lowest (14.59). 2. In terms of the religion, statistical significance was shown among physical appeals (p<.01), mental appeals (p<.05), multiple subjective symptom (p<.01), digestive organs (p<.01), aggressiveness (p<.01), nervousness (p<.01), and eye and skin (p<.05), mental instability (p<.05). 3. Concerning the living conditions, Statistical significance was found on the items such as physical appeals (p<.05), mental appeals (p<.01), depression (p<.001), irregular and life (p<.001), multiple subjective symptom (p<.01), lie scale (p<.01) and mouth and anal (p<.05), digestive organs (p<.05). 4. As for regular health check-ups, statistical significance was shown in the following items such as mental appeals (p<.05), depression (p<.01), multiple subjective symptom (p<.05), mental instability (p<.05).

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-52
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• 1991

This study deals with the evolutional history of the holding and utilization of fisheries resources in Korea. Fisheries resources have the basic characteristics of the density dependent self-regulating renewable and common property resources, Irrational utilization of fisheries resources is mainly due to the unlimited access to the resources. The holding and utilization of fisheries resources in Koryo era was opened to everyone. But it was nationalized in the early Yi Dynasty. The purpose of its nationalization was to provent the paticular powered-man with their monoplized holding and to levy fisheries tax. Eoeop-peop, the first modern fisheries law in Korea, was enacted as a part of the invasion policy of Japan in 1908. With the japanese annexation of Korea in 1910, the Japanese Government established a new institutional system of fisheries as a part of an overall reformation of the institutional for an implementation of the colonial policy. It was very the new enacted Fisheries Law (Gyogyorei). Also the Government enacted compulsorily another new Fisheries Law (Chosen Gyogyorei) with its adjunct laws and regulations revise the institutional system of fisheries on May 1, 1930. After Eoeop-peop enactment, the fisheries resources in Korea could be used only under the license, permission, and statement. After Korea was from Japan in 1945, Korea Government at last enacted the new fisheries law (Susaneop-peop) in 1953. The goal of Susaneop-peop was to achive the general usage and protection of the fisheries resources, and to attain the development and democratization of the fishery in Korea. This law was amended 13 times until 1990. The license fishery have a legal right on the fishery, called a fishery rigt. This right means a right of exclusive occupation and utilization of a unit of the inshore fishing grounds. The main evolutional issues of license fishery are as the following : 1) the foundation of the exclusive usable fishery right(1911, Gyogyorei), 2) the deletion of the settled U9space lift net and settled space sein net fishery, and the expansion of the cooperative fishery-No.1, 2, and 3 type cooperative fishery-(3rd amendment, 1963), 3) the deletion of the No.2 and 3 type cooperative fishery, and the separation of the culturing fishery in No.1 and 2 type culturing fishery (13th amendment, 1990). The effective period of the license fishery was amended as the following : 1) 1908(Eoeop-peop) : within 10 years, renovation system, 2) 1929(Chosen Gyogyorei) : within 10 years, unlimited extension system, 3) 1971. 7th amendment : 10 years, renovation system, 4) 1972. 8th amendment : 10 years, only 1 extension system, 5) 1975. 9th amendment : 5-10 years, only 1 extension system, 6) 1990.13th amendment : 10 years, within 10 years of total extensional years. The priority order of the fishery license was established in 1953 (Susaneop-peop). The amendment of it is as follows : 1) 1953. enactment \circled1 the fishing grounds that the fishery right is extablished 1st order : the existing fishery right man, unlimited renovation 2nd order : the corporate that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 new fishing grounds 1st order : the corporate that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the rest experienced fishermen 2) 1971. 9th amendment \circled1 the fishing grounds that the fishery right is established 1st order : the existing fishery right man, unlimited renovation 2nd order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 4th order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 new fishing grounds 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen 3) 1981. 10th amendment \circled1 the inside of No.1 type cooperative fishing grounds 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd orer : the rest experienced fishermen 4) 1990. 13th amendment \circled1 No.1 type cultural fishery 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 No.2 type cultural and settle fisher : general priority order The effective period of the permission fishery was amended 6 timed. First, it was within 5 years and renovation system (Eoeop-peop). Now it is 5 years and renovation system. The effective period of the statement fishery was amended 4 times. First, it was within 5 years, and then was amended within 3 years(Chonsen Gyogyorei). Now it is 5 years.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 1988

A growth experiment of tilapia (offsprings of the hybrid between Oreochromis niloticus and O. mossambicus) under different dissolved oxygen levels in the recirculating water system was conducted at the Fish Culture Experiment Station of the National Fisheries University of Pusan from February 4 to March 5, 1986. Six tanks with a capacity of $1.8m^3$ of water each were used under the same condition of water parameters except for dissolved oxygen levels which were designated to maintain at 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 mg/$\iota$. Each tank was stocked with 90 kg of fish each averaging 64 to 69 grams. The average water temperature during the course of the experiment was $22.5^{\circ}C$. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The food conversion efficiencies were very good, being 1.05-1.11 at 3.5, 3.0, 2.5 and 2.0 mg/$\iota$ DO levels without any significant differences among them, but at 4.0 mg/$\iota$ the F. C. was 1.39 and at 1.5 mg/$\iota$ it was 1.61 being very poor compared with the others. The daily growth rate performance was best at 3.5 mg/$\iota$ dissolved oxygen level followed by 3.0 and 2.5 mg/$\iota$ with slight differences while at 4.0 and 2.0 mg/$\iota$ DO levels the growths were significantly poor, and at 1.5 mg/$\iota$ DO level it was extremely poor. In 1.5 mg/$\iota$ group, the fish did not accept feed vigorously and after feeding the fish usually concentrated around the inflow point showing oxygen deficiency response. While at 4.0 mg/$\iota$ high feeding rates tended to waste significant amounts of feed while eating and led to water deterioration, and above these levels the results is considered to lead to a waste of energy with uneconomical performance. On the other hand, at and below 2.0 mg/$\iota$ DO level the tilapia certainly showed a poor growth performance. The experiment indicates that the DO range of 2.5$\~$3.5 mg/$\iota$ is the optimum level for the good growth performance.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.9
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• pp.97-104
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• 1968

A survey of the free amino acids and free sugars in the juice of fourteen citrus varieties was made by means of paper chromatography and the pectin content in the rind was detected The results of the survey are summarized as follows. 1) Sixteen aminoacids detecteu in fourteen varieties under the condition of this study were distributed with. different frequency as follow. Proline, gamma-amino-butyric acid, alanine, valine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid (in 14 varieties), lysine(12), leucine threonine(11), isoleucine(10), arginine(9), glycine(6) ${\beta}-alanine$(4) asparagine(3) unknown(2). 2) Proline, gamma-amino-butyric acid were mostly abundant in all varieties and alanine was next in the amount. 3) The varieties in the decreasing order of number of amino acids container were C. grandis madow C. leiocarpa (14 acids), C. sulcata, C. hassaku. native citron, Fortunella japonica(13) C. grandis heiko, C. Tamurana iyo, C. nobilis(12) C. reticulata C. junos(11) C. natsudaidai(10) C. miyakawa unshiu, C. ohali unshiu(9). 4) The varieties which appear to contain all essential amino acids(6 acids)detected were C. grandis madow C. grandis heiko, C. sulcata, C. Tamurana iyo, C. hassaku and native citron, and C. natsudaidai, C. unshiu were the least (1-3 acids). 5) Glucose fructose, sucrose and maltose were detected in all varieties. 6) The pectin content in the rind ranged from 8.64% F.W.(C. junos) up to 17.0% for C, grandis madow and the mean was $11.63{\pm}2.69%$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2006

EDTA is known to have bacteriocidal effect on Vibrio vulnificus, pathogen of septicemia by osmotic shock in seafoods. Attempts were made to elucidate the bacteriocidal effect of phytic acid (PA) as a substitute for EDTA against V. vulnificus and its inhibition effect on the septicemia, which induces liver damage of the mice by the pathogen. Viable cells of V. vulnificus with the initial titre of $1.7{\times}10^6$ c.f.u. $ml^{-1}$ decreased by 90.6% after 1 min and 99.6% after 5 min in distilled water. The titre decreased by 65.9% and 94.5% in 2 mM solution of $Mg^{2+}$. In 0.1 mM solution of PA, the rate of decrease in titre was 97.4% after 1 min of incubation and 99.8% after 5 min, compared to 95.7% and 99.8% in 0.1 mM solution of EDTA. The bacteriocidal effect of PA solution at a concentration of 1 mM was marked: the rate of decrease in titre was 99.9% after 1 min. In relation to the bacteriocidal effect, PA was evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent for V. vulnificus septicemia in mouse. When the survival periods of mice were investigated by PA and EDTA treatment after the pathogen injection, the group of mice which infected by a low concentration of the strain survived longer than that inoculated at high concentration; also, the ratio of survival was 1.3 times higher in PA than in EDTA, showing that the fatal rate depended on the inoculation concentration. Although survival periods of mice induced with liver damage by carbon tetrachloride and then inoculated with the strain showed a similar trend, the fatal rate of mice was 2 times faster than those inoculated with only pathogen into normal liver, These results indicate that the infection by V. vulnificus was more fatal to those with liver disease. Also, symptoms of hemorrhage and inflammation on the mice with induced liver damage were reduced in case there was phytic acid treatment at each concentration.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.7 s.276
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• pp.492-498
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• 2007

Background: Malignant pleural effusion is a common condition in neoplastic patients and palliative therapy is the usual treatment. Talc has been generally accepted to be the most effective sclerosant for chemical pleurodesis, but the optimal route of administration remains controversy. We compared the results of video-assisted thoracoscopic talc poudrage (VTP) with administering a bedside talc slurry through a chest tube (BTS) for the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. Material and Method: From December 2004 to May 2006, 20 patients with malignant pleural effusion underwent chemical pleurodesis via VTP (group A, n=10), and BTS (group B, n=10). Result: The durations of chest tube placement after the procedure were $7.0{\pm}4.0$ days (group A) and $6.7{\pm}3.6$ days (group B). The hospital stays were $24.3{\pm}9.4$ days (group A) and $30.7{\pm}21.5$ days (group B), respectively. The symptoms of dyspnea were much more improved in group A (p-value=0.014) after discharge (mean f/u group $A=8.5{\pm}2.2$ months, group B $8.0{\pm}7.4$ months). The collapsed portions of lung were better expanded in group A than in group B (p-value=0.011). Conclusion: We recommend VTP for the selected patients with malignant pleural effusion because of the advantages of dissecting the fibrous peel to relieve the atelectasis and dyspnea, and excising the pleura for diagnosis with direct viewing of the lesion.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 1981

Recent trends in design standards development in some European countries and U.S.A. have encouraged the use of probabilistic limit sate design concepts. Reliability based design criteria such as LSD, LRFD, PBLSD, adopted in those advanced countries have the potentials that they afford for symplifying the design process and placing it on a consistent reliability bases for various construction materials. A reliability based design criteria for RC flexural members are proposed in this study. Lind-Hasofer's invariant second-moment reliability theory is used in the derivation of an algorithmic reliability analysis method as well as an iterative determination of load and resistance factors. In addition, Cornell's Mean First-Order Second Moment Method is employed as a practical tool for the approximate reliability analysis and the derivation of design criteria. Uncertainty measures for flexural resistance and load effects are based on the Ellingwood's approach for the evaluation of uncertainties of loads and resistances. The implied relative safety levels of RC flexural members designed by the strength design provisions of the current standard code were evaluated using the second moment reliability analysis method proposed in this study. And then, resistance and load factors corresponding to the target reliability index(${\beta}=4$) which is considered to be appropriate level of reliability considering our practices are calculated by using the proposed methods. These reliability based factors were compared to those specified by our current ultimate strength design provisions. It was found that the reliability levels of flexural members designed by current code are not appropriate, and the code specified resistance and load factors were considerably different from the reliability based resistance and load factors proposed in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.569-577
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to propose some amendments on nutrient standard regulations of infant formula in Korea. For this purpose, we compared and analyzed the nutrient regulations of Korea, CODEX, U.S.A, Japan, EU, Australia and New Zealand. Some developing aspects of Korea's nutrient standard regulations for infant formula need to be examined as follows: firstly, both milk-based formula and soy-based formula standards would be unified into an infant formula, and the user of infant formula would be categorized for babies less than 6 month old. Secondly, nitrogen conversion factor of milk protein in the infant formula would be 6.38, which is the same as that of CODEX Revised Standard. Protein quantities could be differentiated by protein sources, and essential amino acids in human milk would be standardized according to protein contents. Thirdly, $\alpha$-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as essential fatty acids and trans fatty acid would be standardized in terms of the contents. Fourthly, it is recommended that the unit of vitamins and minerals would be changed from g/100 g to g/100 kcal, and individual vitamins and mineral would have their maximum values. Finally, 5 nucleotides (cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, inosine 5'-monophosphate) and fluoride would be required for the strengthening the immunity and the development of teeth, respectively. In conclusion, the scientific studies on amendment scheme of nutrient standard regulations of infant formula is very important to fortify nutritional completeness for Korean infants and young children.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.320-331
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• 1995

The closely spaced cores were analyzed to find detailed reconstruction of paleoenvironments and sealable changes along the Delaware Bay coast. Three areas, Kitts Hummock Beach mars, the St. Jones River marsh, and Bowers marsh near the St. Jones River's mouth, were chosen because these areas are compose of their own geomorphic characteristics and sea-level history. since significance of the stratigraphic correlations was to determine sedimentary fancies and paleoenvironments, multidisciplinary methods such as lithological description, grain-size analysis, organic/inorganic content, water content, mineral composition, botanical analysis, micropaleontological analysis, and /SUP 14/C datings were performed. Five major divisions of marsh environments were recognized in the stratigraphic sections: freshwater marsh, initialfreshwater marsh, slightly brackish marsh, brackish marsh, and salt marsh. Most of the lower part in the stratigraphic sections show freshwater marsh. On the top of this, either brackish marsh or tidal flat/tidal stream was recorded. The pro-Holocene sediments consist of sand, mud, and sandy mud, The pre-Holocene configuration played an important role for developing the Holocene Paleoenvironmental changes. The irregular configuration of the pre-Holocene sediments consist of sand, mud, and sandy mud. The pre-Holocene configuration played an important role for developing the Holocene Paleoenvironmental changes. The irregular configuration of the pre-Holocene surface within short distances permitted the concurrent development of variable environments such as freshwater marsh, brackish marsh or salt marsh at similar elevations. The freshwater marsh in this case was formed in the areas of isolation, so saline-water cannot encroach upon these areas. This complex development of paleoenvironments leads to a difficulty in stratigraphic correlation and interpretation of local relative sea-level changes. The deposition of subsurface sediments was affected by sediment supply, compaction, fluvial activity, biological competition, local tectonics and isostacy, climate and local relative sea-level changes. It was interpreted that the positions in the changes from freshwater environments to brackish environments or ice versa are the turning points of transgressions and regressions. Therefore, multiple transgressions and regressions were identified in the stratigraphic sections of the study area.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 2003

Background: Surgery of abdominal aortic aneurysm revealed high operative mortality. We reviewed our 11-years' experiences of abdominal aortic aneurysm operation and wish to obtain information on the treatment. Material and Method: From Jan. 1990 to Dec. 2000, 48 patients were operated due to abdominal aortic aneurysm in Yonsei Cardiovascular Center Mean age was $62.8{\pm}12.7$ and there were 40 males and 8 females. Among 48 patients, nine patients had ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, and mean aneurysm diameter of non-ruptured cases was $8.8{\pm}2.4$cm. Result: There were 6 early deaths, and early mortality was 12.5%. Among 9 patients of preoperative aneurysm rupture, three patients died (33.3%), and among 39 patients of non-ruptured cases, 3 patients died (7.7%). Among preoperative variables, age (p<0.05), preoperative BUN level (p<0.05), and DM (p<0.05) were risk factors of early mortality. Among discharged 42 patients, 40 patients were followed up (f/u rate=95.2%) and mean follow up was $3.6{\pm}0.2$ years. During follow up periods, five patients died (late mortality=11.9%), and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed $81.7{\pm}7.6$% survival rate at five and ten year. Linealized incidence of graft related event was 3.53% per patient-year. Conclusion: Surgical mortality of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm was higher than non-ruptured cases; therefore, early resection of the aneurysm can decrease the surgical mortality.