• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제5집
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• pp.1-22
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• 2002

본 논문의 목적은 게르만제어(예를들어 고트어, 고대북구어, 고고지독일어, 고대영어 등)에 나타나는 공명음중복 현상이 원-인도유럽어시기의 후두음에 기인함을 보이는 것이다. 고트어의 ddj/ggw, 고대북구어의 ggi/ggr, 고고지독일어 ij/uw (이상 소위 '예음화현상'으로 불림)와 그 외 게르만제어에 공통적으로 나타나는 공명음들의 중복, -rr-, -ll-, -nn-, -mm- 등은 원-게르만어시기에 각각 $\ast-ii-,\;\ast-uu-,\;\ast-rr-,\;\ast-ll-,\;\ast-nn-,\;\ast-mm-$ 등으로 소급된다. 그러나 이러한 자음군이 게르만어 이외의 다른 인도유럽어들( 대표적으로 고대인도이란어, 고전희랍어, 라전어 등)과 비교되어 원-인도유럽어시기로 소급되는 경우, 각각 $\ast-iH-,\;\ast-uH-,\;\ast-rH-,\;\ast-lH-,\;\ast-nH-,\;\ast-mH-$ 등으로 재구된다. 따라서 원-게르만어의 자음중복 현상이 후두음의 영향으로 나타난 것으로 해석되는데, 아마도 후두음이 선행하는 공명음에 동화되어 일어난 것으로 보인다. 소쉬르(1987)이래 발전해 온 후두음이론은 현재 그 이론적 틀을 확립한 상태이다. 이 이론은 고전 인도유럽어학에서 설명하지 못했던 여러 언어현상들을 설명하였고, 현대 인도유럽어 역사비교언어학에서 언어변화에 대한 필수적인 설명기재로서 사용되고 있다. 원-인도유럽어의 많은 특징들을 계승한 전형적인 다른 고대 인도유럽어들과는 달리, 시기적으로 늦은 고대 게르만어에서 음운론적 층위에서 공명음중복 현상이 후두음에 기인함은 인도유럽어 역사비교언어학에서 뿐만 아니라 게르만어학에서도 큰 의미를 갖는다고 볼 수 있다.간접으로 본동사 앞에 놓여 있어야 되는 모든 문장성분과 부문장 때문에, 즉 한국어의 전면적인 전위수식 현상으로 흔히 큰 부담/복잡함을 야기한다는 데에 그 원인이 있다. 이러한 상황에서 동사는 가능한 한 그의 문장성분을 줄이려 한다. 통사적으로 보장되어 이미 있으니 말이다. 그래서 한국어 동사의 부정성은 일종의 부담해소 대책으로 간주될 수 있을 것이다. $\ast$ 두 비교 대상에서의 핵 및 최소문장 가능성은 역시 원자가에 대한 비구속성에서 비롯된다. $\ast$ 우리 한국인이 빨리 말할 때 흔히 범하는 부정성으로 인한 인칭변화에서의 오류는 무엇보다도 정형성/제한성을 지닌 독일어 정동사가 인칭 변화하는 데 반해 한국어에서는 부정성/비구속성을 지닌 동사가 그것과는 무관한 페 기인한다. 동사의 속성을 철저히 분석함으로써 이런 과오를 극복해야 할 것이다. 한국어 동사의 부정성은 지금까지 거의 연구되지 않았다. 이 문제는 또한 지속적으로 수많은 다른 자연어들과의 비교분석을 통해 관찰돼야 할 것이다. 이 논문이 이런 연구와 언어습득을 위한 작업에 도움이 되기를 바란다.적 성분구조가 다르다는 것을 알 수 있다. 우리는 이 글이 외국어로서의 독일어를 배우는 이들에게 독일어의 관용구를 보다 올바르게 이해할 수 있는 방법론적인 토대를 제공함은 물론, (관용어) 사전에서 외국인 학습자를 고려하여 관용구를 알기 쉽게 기술하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있기를 바란다.되기 시작하면서 남황해 분지는 구조역전의 현상이 일어났으며, 동시에 발해 분지는 인리형 분지로 발달하게 되었다. 따라서, 올리고세 동안 발해 분지에서는 퇴적작용이, 남황해 분지에서는 심한 구조역전에 의한 분지변형이 동시에 일어났다 올리고세 이후 현재까지, 남황해

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1977

Despite the fact that it is not a fatal symptom. the lower back pain of human species is considered a health problem of modern society: 80% of world population experience it and the distress and dysfunction caused by interferes daily life as well as the general productivity. This study was performed to investigate the general tendency of lower back Pain on nurses: influence of nursing activities, working condition and the physical characteristics of nurses on the pain in order to provide data for prevention and treatment. 386 nurses working at 16 general hospitals throughout the country were sampled. Questionaries developed by the researcher was used for data gathering. Results are as follows : 1. Lower back pain was experienced by most(72.3%) of the nurses: the highest rate of -Pain experience was revealed to be the a9e group of 35-39 (80.8%) followed by 25-29 group (74.2%). 2. In almost all instances (91.4%), the first pain attack occurred before the age of 29, and in 73.1%. the attack occurred between the age of 15-24. 3. In 10.1%, the pain was almost persistent or occurred every other day frequency. In 9%, the pain was relieved by the administration of analgesics or "unable to move". 4. More than 6 days′sick leave due to the pain revealed to be in 2.2%. No significant difference was revealed between specialities of service. 5. Pain experience and the over or under weight revealed not to have significant relations. (X$^2$=0.55224, p〉0.7587) 6. The length of working hour of I. C. U. and O. R, revealed to be longer than that of nurses general ward, however. no significant difference on the rate of pain occurrence apparent. (X$^2$=0.4952, p〉0.8239) No significant difference on the rate of pain occurrence between nurses working over 46 hours/week and under 45 hours/week. (X$^2$=3.86241, p〉0.078318) 7. The most frequent Pain related movement revealed to be "lifting patient or heavy object" (24. 7%, N=68) followed by "the sameness of position, either standing or sitting"(16.8%) 8. Regular physical exercise revealed to have no significant influence on the rate of Pain occurrence. 9. Higher raft of pain experience was revealed in the group of nurses wearing eye glasses. Uncomfortable shoes revealed to have influenced the pain. 10. The most frequent pain relieving treatment revealed to be "rest" (54.2%, N= 151) followed by "analgesics" (12.6%, N=35) and "hot compress/fomentation"(10.5%, N=29). In 13.7% (N=38) no special care was given.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.565-571
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists among osteoporosis, alveolar bone density and periodontal disease in postmenopausal osteoporotic women and postmenopausal healthy women. Twenty-two women were evaluated for this study. They were attending the postmenopausal clinic, Seoul National University Hospital and generally healthy except osteoporosis. They had experienced menopause not less than one year when we began to examine them. Bone densities of lumbar area(L2-L4) was determined by DEXA(LUNAR-expert Co,. U.S.A). We diagnosed osteoporosis when T-score was below -2.5 and healthy state when T-score was over -1. Osteoporotic(10 female), not hormone-treated group and healthy control group(12 female) were asked for their age, menopausal age, menopausal period and the number of remaining teeth and examined clinically for plaque index(PI), gingival index(GI), clinical attachment loss(CAL) on their 6 Ramfjord index teeth. Intraoral radiographs were taken in maxillary anterior zone. All films were equally exposed and developed. Each films was digitized and analysed using image processing software, Scion image. Alveolar bone regions of interest were selected and Intensity of each pixel was quantized in the array ranging from 0(white) to 255(black). The two groups were comparable with respect age, menopausal age, menopausal period and number of remaining teeth. The osteoporotic women had significantly lower alveolar bone density than controls in maxilla. But no significant difference was found with respect clinical attachment loss, plaque index and gingival index. Supported by the Ministry of Public Health and Welfare, Korea (HMP-00-CH-10-0009).

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.939-948
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• 2005

The role of the periosteum on osteointegration of $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$(Geistlich, Wolhusen/Switzerland) was studied in rabbit calvarial defect. 12 New Zealand white male rabbits between 2.8 and 4 kg were included in this randomized, blinded, prospective study. Each rabbit was anesthetized with Ketamine HCl(5 mg/kg) and Xylazine HCl(1.5 ml/kg). An incision was made to the bony cranium and the periosteum was reflected. Using a 6-mm trephine bur(3i. USA), four 8-mm defects were created with copious irrigation. The defects were classified into barrier membrane($Tefgen^{(R)}$, Lifecore Biomedical. Inc, U.S.A.) only group as a control, $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ with barrier membrane group, $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ with periosteum covering group, and $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ without periosteum covering group. There were 2 rabbits in each group. The wound was closed with resorbable suture materials. Rabbits were sacrificed using phentobarbital(100 mg/kg) intravenously at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after surgery. The samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and decalcified in hydrochloric acid decalcifying solution(Fisher Scientific, Tustin, CA) at $4^{\circ}C$ for 2-4 weeks. It was embedded in paraffin and cut into 6 ${\mu}m$ thickness. The sections were stained with H & E and observed by optical microscope. The results were as follows; 1. The periosteum played an important role in osteointegration of $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ in bone defects. 2. When the periosteum remained intact and $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ was placed on the defect, $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ with periosteum covering has been incorporated into the newly formed bone from 2-week postoperatively. 3. When the periosteum was removed at the surgical procedure, invasion of connective tissue took place among the granules, and new bone formation was delayed compared to periosteum covering group. Therefore, when the bone grafting was performed with periosteal incision procedure to achieve tension-free suture, the integrity of the overlying periosteum should be maintained to avoid fibrous tissue ingrowth.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제5권12호
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• pp.3047-3062
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• 1998

본 논문은 ITU-T에서 제안한 영상회의 시스템에서 오디오/비디오 스트림 데이터를 회의 참여자에 송수신하거나 또는 수신된 멀티미디어 데이터들에 대한 QoS 정보를 송신측에 피드백 하기 위해 제공되는 RTP/RTCP 프로토콜(RFC1889,1890)에 관한 설계 및 구현에 관해 기술한다. RTP는 인코더로부터 전달된 오디오/비디오 데이터를 고정 포맷으로 패킷화하여 모든 회의 참여자에 멀티캐스팅하고, RTCP모듈은 RTP와 함께 연동되면서 수신 패킷을 모니터하여 지연, 지연변이 및 패킷 손실 등의 QoS 값들을 검출하고, 이를 비-정기적으로 송신측에 피드백하도록 구현하였다. 이들 프로토콜은 Windows NT에서 멀티쓰래드 방식으로 구현되었으며, 하위 프로토콜로 socket I/F를 통해서 U에/IP-Multicast를 이용하였다. 또한, 인터넷 환경에서 영상회의 시스템을 수행했을 때 나타나는 여러 QoS 값들을 검출하여 분석하였다. 시험은 오디오 데이터 전송을 이용하였으며 통신 부하가 심한 시간 구간에서 지연과 지연 변이는 음성 인식에 대체로 허용 범위에 충족되나 다량의 패킷 손실에 따른 품질 저하를 분석할 수 있었으며, 대부분의 손실된 패킷들은 비-연속적인 특성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국벤처창업학회 2010년도 통합학술대회
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• pp.71-89
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• 2010

인터넷 기반 멀티캐스트는 일대다 또는 다대다 통신을 위한 차세대 중요한 서비스로 주목받고 있다. 멀티캐스트는 네트워크 또는 애플리케이션 레벨에서 서비스할 수 있다. IP 멀티캐스트는 소스노드에서 라우터로 데이터그램을 보내면 라우터가 이를 복제하여 수신노드들에게 전달해 주는 네트워크레벨 서비스로 네트워크 자원을 효율적 사용할 수 있다. 그러나 네트워크에 IP 멀티캐스트 라우터가 설치되어야 하는 등 여러 문제로 인해 널리 사용되지 못하고 있다. 따라서 대안으로 애플리케이션 레벨에서의 오버레이 멀티캐스트가 주목 받고 있다. 오버레이 멀티캐스트는 종단 호스트가 라우터 처럼 동작하는 것으로 비록 IP 멀티캐스트에 비해서 링크 사용율과 지연값이 높아질 수 있지만, IP 멀티캐스트의 현실적인 적용의 어려움을 해결할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 완전 연결된 네트워크에서 탐욕 알고리즘을 이용하여 MDST(소스 노드에서 다른 모든 각각의 노드까지 최단 경로를 갖는 신장트리)와 MST(네트워크 상의 모든 링크에 주어진 가중치의 합이 최소가 되는 신장트리)를 목적으로 하는 오베레이 멀티캐스트 트리를 구현하는 알고리즘을 제시하고, 실험에 의해 MDST 와 MST 를 비교 분석 하고자 한다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.459-480
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• 2001

The damage suffered by steel structures during the Northridge (1994) and Kobe (1995) earthquakes indicates that the fully restrained (FR) connections in steel frames did not behave as expected. Consequently, researchers began studying other possibilities, including making the connections more flexible, to reduce the risk of damage from seismic loading. Recent experimental and analytical investigations pointed out that the seismic response of steel frames with partially restrained (PR) connections might be superior to that of similar frames with FR connections since the energy dissipation at PR connections could be significant. This beneficial effect has not yet been fully quantified analytically. Thus, the dissipation of energy at PR connections needs to be considered in analytical evaluations, in addition to the dissipation of energy due to viscous damping and at plastic hinges (if they form). An algorithm is developed and verified by the authors to estimate the nonlinear time-domain dynamic response of steel frames with PR connections. The verified algorithm is then used to quantify the major sources of energy dissipation and their effect on the overall structural response in terms of the maximum base shear and the maximum top displacement. The results indicate that the dissipation of energy at PR connections is comparable to that dissipated by viscous damping and at plastic hinges. In general, the maximum total base shear significantly increases with an increase in the connection stiffness. On the other hand, the maximum top lateral displacement $U_{max}$ does not always increase as the connection stiffness decreases. Energy dissipation is considerably influenced by the stiffness of a connection, defined in terms of the T ratio, i.e., the ratio of the moment the connection would have to carry according to beam line theory (Disque 1964) and the fixed end moment of the girder. A connection with a T ratio of at least 0.9 is considered to be fully restrained. The energy dissipation behavior may be quite different for a frame with FR connections with a T ratio of 1.0 compared to when the T ratio is 0.9. Thus, for nonlinear seismic analysis, a T ratio of at least 0.9 should not be considered to be an FR connection. The study quantitatively confirms the general observations made in experimental results for frames with PR connections. Proper consideration of the PR connection stiffness and other dynamic properties are essential to predict dynamic behavior, no matter how difficult the analysis procedure becomes. Any simplified approach may need to be calibrated using this type of detailed analytical study.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.111-119
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• 1973

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the delivery of health services effects the health knowledge of the recipients of that service. 10 was hypothesized that the practical application of theory, though health services rendered by public health nursing students during their field experiences. would have a positive relationship with the quantity and quality of health knowledge of the female population of a given community. In April 1970, ninety five women(between an age 15-49) from Koyang-Gun were interviewed regarding their knowledge and attitudes in four areas of health: maternal health, child health. family planning and tuberculosis prevention. After 11 years(Nov. l971), during which time the women received home visits by student nurses, the women were again interviewed using the original questionnaire. Additionally, they were asked where they had received information about each question. During the 1$\frac{1}{2}$ year period the visits were made by a total of 112 students. They visited the community twice a week. The result were as follows: Maternal health There was marked improvement in the knowledge of specific aspects of maternal health such as the proper instruments needed for cutting the cord and nutritional precaution of pregnancy (p<0.05). In each case 42.0 percent of more of this knowledge was attributed to information gained from the nursing students. However even after the nursing students'visits, the knowledge of other general areas of maternal remained poor. Child health There were increases in the knowledge of the respondents for the time to supplement breast feeding and for time to wean infants (p<0.05). In each case 35.0 percent or more of this information was attributed to the student. The increase in knowledge regarding types of immunization was more often attributed to the clinic nurse than to the nursing students. Knowledge of the necessity of booster immunization was poor both before and after the visits by the nursing students. Family planing There were significant increases in correct information regarding the time of I.U.D. insertion (P<0.05) and method of taking the oral pill (P<0.05). More than 42.0 percent of the increase was attributed to the nursing students'visits. However there was a slight decrease in correct information about concept of family planning. Tuberculosis There was a general lack of improvement in all areas concerned with tuberculosis. Two thirds of the respondents felt tuberculosis was hereditary and did not know what B.C.G. was. From this study, it could be concluded that in specific area the health knowledge of the female population studied was positively effected by the visits of the nursing students. The study also, suggests, however, that there was a marked unevenness in the overall increase in health knowledge. This raises serious questions which require further research. Suggested areas for further research are (1) Adequacy of the course content preparing nurses for the field experience. (2) A public health nursing manual for student reference. (3) Where and when specific aspects of health can be taught most effectively.

• 천문학논총
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2012

KASI (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) has developed an SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) system since 2008. The name of the development program is ARGO (Accurate Ranging system for Geodetic Observation). ARGO has a wide range of applications in the satellite precise orbit determination and space geodesy research using SLR with mm-level accuracy. ARGO-M (Mobile, bistatic 10 cm transmitting/40 cm receiving telescopes) and ARGO-F (Fixed stationary, about 1 m transmitting/receiving integrated telescope) SLR systems development will be completed by 2014. In 2011, ARGO-M system integration was completed. At present ARGO-M is in the course of system calibration, functionality, and performance tests. It consists of six subsystems, OPS (Optics System), TMS (Tracking Mount System), OES (Opto-Electronic System), CDS (Container-Dome System), LAS (Laser System) and AOS (ARGO Operation System). In this paper, ARGO-M system structure and integration status are introduced and described.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.41-54
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• 1991

라돈 및 붕괴생성물의 호흡에 의한 인체 피폭선량의 제어가능성을 찾기 위해 다음과 같은 과정을 거쳤다. 1) 라돈에 관련된 기존모델을 토양 기공모델, 실내붕괴 모델, 폐선량계산모델로 분류해석하고, 2) topology이론에 따라 물리유추개념으로써 회로망으로 전환하여, 라돈환경계통을 정식화, 검증계산을 거쳐, 3) 모의계산으로 선량감도를 분석하여 최적 매개변수의 범위를 모색하였다. 매개변수인 환기율, 침적율, 부착율가 제어범위내 변화될 때, 정식화된 111원 연립방정식의 해를 구하여 선량감도를 분석하였으며, 제어매개변수의 선량감도에 의한 효과를 3차원으로 도식화하였다. 본 연구 수행결과, 제어매개변수 변화에 따른 실내의 $^{222}Rn$ 및 Rn-D의 농도 변화과정은 새롭게 해석할 수 있는 벡터감도단층모형으로, 일부 제어매개변수의 조합변화에 따른 선량감도는 3차원 그래프모형으로 나타낼 수 있었다. 선량감도의 3차원 그래프에서는 실내환경의 대표적 매개변수 값 범위에서 변곡점이 나타났으며, 일반적으로 높은 환기조건$(>1h^{-1})$하에서는 공기정화에 의하여 선량이 전반적으로 증가되나, 불충분한 환기조건$(<0.5h^{-1})$하에서는 공기정화에 의하여, 선량이 40%정도로 감소되는 것으로 나타났다 (* 라돈 및 붕괴생성물은 이하 $^{222}Rn$ 및 Rn-D로 통일한다.)