• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2003

Ferulic acid (3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid) is a flavoid component possessing antioxidant property. The compound is currently under development as a new drug candidate for the treatment of the dementia. The objective of this preformulation study was to determine the physicochemical properties of ferulic acid. The n-octanol to water partition coefficients of ferulic acid were 0.375 and 0.489 at the pHs of 3 and 10, respectively. Accelerated stability study for ferulic acid indicated that the t 90 value for the drug was estimated to be 459 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Ferulic acid was also found to be unstable under the relative humidity of more than 76%, probably because of the hygroscopic nature of the drug. In order to study compatibility of ferulic acid with typical excipients, potential change in differential scanning calorimetry spectrum was studied in 1: 1 binary mixtures of ferulic acid and typical pharmaceutical excipients (e.g., Aerosil, Avicel, CMC, Eudragit, lactose, PEG, PVP, starch and talc). Avicel, CMC, PVP and starch were found to be incompatible with ferulic acid, indicating the addition of these excipients may complicate the manufacturing of the formulation for the drug. Particle size distribution of ferulic acid powder was in the size range of 10-190 $\mu$m with the mean particle size of 61 $\mu$m. The flowability of ferulic acid was apparently inadequate, indicating the granulation may be necessary for the processing of the drug to solid dosage forms. Two polymorphic forms were obtained by recrystallization from various solvents used in formulation. New polymorphic form of ferulic acid, Form II, was obtained by recrystallization from 1,4-dioxane. The equilibrium solubility for Form I was approximately twice of that for Form II. The dissolution rate of Form II was higher than that of Form I in the early phase (<6 min). Therefore, these physicochemical information has to be taken in the consideration for the formulation of ferulic acid.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.843-849
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• 2010

This paper presents definition of symmetry of a ship section where three symmetries are proposed: material, geometric, and load symmetries. Precise terminologies of centroid, moment plane, and neutral axis plane are also defined. It is suggested that force vector equilibrium as well as force equilibrium are necessary condition to determine new position of neutral axis due to translational and rotational mobility. It is also stated that new reference datum of ENMP(elastic neutral moment plane), PNMP(fully plastic moment plane), ENAP(elastic neutral axis plane), and INAP(inelastic neutral moment plane) are required to define asymmetric section properties such as second moment of area, elastic section modulus, yield moment, fully plastic moment, and ultimate moment. Since collision-induced damage and flooding-induced biaxial bending moment produce typical asymmetry of section, the section properties are calculated for a typical VLCC. Geometry asymmetry is determined from ABS and DNV rules and two moment planes of 0/30 degs are assumed for load asymmetry. It is proved that the property reduction ratios directly calculated from second moment of area are usually larger than area reduction ratio. Reduction ratio of ultimate moment capacity shows almost linearly proportional to area reduction ratio. Mobility of elastic and inelastic neutral axis planes is visually provided.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2019

콘크리트는 시멘트와 골재를 포함한 복합재료로써 건조 수축이라는 특성을 가지고 있으며, 이에 대하여 많은 연구가 콘크리트를 균질재료로 가정하여 수행되어 왔다. 그러나, 수축은 콘크리트를 구성하는 특정 구성 성분에만 작용하는 현상이기 때문에 기존의 평균화된 유효물성(effective properties)의 개념으로 규명하기에는 어려움이 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 콘크리트의 특징적인 거동 중의 하나이며 지금까지 많은 연구들이 수행되어 왔지만, 아직 불확실성이 많은 콘크리트의 수축 현상을 비균질성을 고려한 전산해석(heterogeneous simulation)을 통해 분석하는 방법을 제안하였다. 골재와 모르타르를 별도로 모델링하는 메소모델을 이용하여 모르타르에만 수축 변형을 가하는 방법으로 콘크리트의 수축 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과에 따르면 콘크리트의 수축에 의한 균열 발생은 골재의 강성과 부재의 구속도에 의해 크게 영향을 받는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 수축에 의한 콘크리트의 균열발생은 단순한 하나의 값으로 나타내지 못하는 현상이며, 골재의 강성과 부재의 구속도는 그에 큰 영향을 주는 요소들이었다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2019

Mn+1AXn (MAX) phases are a family of nano-laminated compounds that possess unique combination of typical ceramic properties and typical metallic properties. As a member of MAX-phase, $Ti_2AlN$ bulk materials are attractive for some high temperature applications. In this study, $Ti_2AlN$ bulk with high density were synthesized by spark plasma sintering method. X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness, electrical and thermal conductivity were measured to compare the effect of material properties both $Ti_2AlN$ bulk samples and a conventional Ti-6Al-4V alloy. A femto-second laser conditions were conducted at a repetition rate of 6 kHz and laser intensity of 50 %, 70% and 90 %, respectively, laser confocal microscope were used to evaluate the width and depth of ablation. Consequently, the laser ablation result of the $Ti_2AlN$ sample than that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloys show a considerably good ablation characteristics due to its higher thermal conductivity regardless of to high densification and high hardness.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2018

The objective of this study is to develop the mechanical properties of AlSiCu aluminum alloy by the two-step solution heat treatment. The microstructure of gravity casting specimen represents a typical dendrite structure having a secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) of 40 mm. In addition to the Al matrix, a large amount of coarsen eutectic Si phase, $Al_2Cu$ intermetallic phase, and Fe-rich phases are generated. The eutectic Si phases are fragmented and globularized with solution heat treatment. Also, the $Al_2Cu$ intermetallic phase is resolutionized into the Al matrix. The $2^{nd}$ solution temperature at $525^{\circ}C$ might be a optimum condition for enhancement of mechanical properties of AlSiCu aluminum alloy.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 센서 박막재료 반도체재료 기술교육
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• pp.78-81
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• 2002

Ferroelectric thin film is a very attractive material for the tunable microwave device applications such as electronically tunable mixers, delay lines, filters and phase shifters. Thin films of $Pb_{x}Sr_{1-x}TiO3(PST)$ were fabricated onto Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate by the sol-gel method. We have investigated the structural and dielectric properties of PST(50/50) thin films for tunable microwave device applications. The PST thin films show typical polycrystalline structure with a dense microstructure without secondary phase formation. Dielectric properties of PST films are strongly dependent on annealing temperature. The dielectric constants, loss and tunability of the PST (50/50) thin films were 404, 0.023 and 51.73 %, respectively.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1998년도 봄 학술발표회논문집(II)
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• pp.687-692
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• 1998

This paper covers concrete durability made with portland cement type I and V, and granulated blast furnace slag blended cements 40 and 60%. Typical properties of cements and compressive strength development, drying shrinkage, carbonation, freezing and thawing properties of concretes were investigated. In addition, effects of CI penetration on various concretes with/without a freezing and thawing treatment were also studied. Portland cement type I and V were superior to the blended cement in the properties of compressive strength development, drying shrinkage, carbonation and freezing and thawing durability. In the respect of resistant of CI Blended cement showed better than the portland cement due to high permeability. But the blended cement with a freezing and thawing treatment presented a much decreased resistance of CI penetration.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회논문집; 부산수산대학교, 10 May 1996
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• pp.298-305
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• 1996

The common practice for the identification of piezoelectric properties is based on the use of immittance behavior of a resonator with a certain geometry and poling direction. In this paper, a new method is suggested to identify the complex-valued piezoelectric material constants. This method is based on the minimization of differences between the analytical immittance and the experimental measurement of resonator. Non-linear minimization problems are formulated to find out the unknown properties relevant to the resonators. The immittance data used for identification are measured at a number of frequencies which cover the vicinity of resonance frequency and the low frequency region. To illustrate the proposed technique, the complex-valued coefficients are identified for a typical PZT4 ceramic composition.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2000

To elucidate the effect of oxygen radicals on the molecular properties of proteins, the secondary and tertiary structure and molecular weight size of BSA and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were examined after irradiation of proteins at various doses. Gamma-irradiation of protein solutions caused the disruption of the ordered structure of protein molecules as well as degradation, cross-linking, and aggregation of the polypeptide chains. As a model system, BSA and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were used as a typical ${\alpha}$-helical and a ${\beta}$-sheet structure protein, respectively. A circular dichroism study showed that the increase of radiation decreased the ordered structure of proteins with a concurrent increase of aperiodic structure content. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that irradiation quenched the emission intensity excited at 280 nm. SDS-PAGE and a gel permeation chromatography study indicated that radiation caused initial fragmentation of proteins resulting in a subsequent aggregation due to cross-linking of protein molecules.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.37-52
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• 2017

To quantitatively assess the safety against seismic collapse of eccentrically braced steel frame (EBSF) system, 24 typical EBSFs with K-shape and V-shape braces with seismic precautionary intensities 8 and 9 were designed complying with China seismic design code and relative codes to constitute archetype space of this structure system. In the archetype space, the collapse probability of the structural system under maximum considered earthquakes (MCE) was researched. The results show that the structures possess necessary safety against seismic collapse when they respectively encounter the maximum considered earthquakes corresponding to their seismic precautionary levels, and their collapse probabilities increase with increasing seismic precautionary intensities. Moreover, the EBSFs with V-shape braces have smaller collapse probability, thus greater capacity against seismic collapse than those with K-shape braces.